Language and Media

Zainur rijal Bin aBdul raZak universiti sains islam malaysia Abstrak Semua bahasa di dunia mengalami perubahan dan perkembangan sepanjang sejarahnya dari pelbagai aspek samada dari segi tatabahasa, pembentukan perkataan, semantik dan sebagainya. Dalam bahasa Arab khususnya, aspek 'perkataan' dan 'frasa' adalah antara aspek utama yang mengalami perubahan besar. Tujuan penyediaan kertas ini adalah untuk mendedahkan sumbangan dan peranan akhbar dalam membentuk identiti bahasa Arab standard dalam aspek 'perkataan' dan 'frasa' terutama selepas revolusi komunikasi di negara Arab. Tumpuan diberikan kepada perubahan penggunaan perkataan yang diiktiraf dan dipopularkan oleh akhbar sebelum diterima dan digunapakai oleh medium lain. Ini termasuklah perkataan-perkataan asing yang semakin berleluasa digunakan dalam akhbar Arab masa kini. Menurut sebahagian besar pakar bahasa, zaman moden bahasa Arab tiba dengan tercetusnya revolusi teknologi khususnya dalam aspek komunikasi dan pendidikan akibat dari percampurannya dengan bahasa -bahasa lain di dunia. Bagi mencapai tujuan ini sebanyak 422 artikel akhbar telah dikumpul dan dianalisa. Data kajian ini merangkumi 7 akhbar dari tujuh negara yang berbeza termasuk dua daripadanya adalah dari negara bukan Arab iaitu United Kingdom dan Australia. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa terdapat banyak perkataan dan frasa baru yang muncul dalam bahasa Arab standard moden.

This paper delves into the concept of 'enregisterment,' which defines processes and practices linking linguistic repertoires with social meanings, by examining meta-linguistic commentary in newspapers. Focussing on 'Multicultural London English (MLE),' the study analyses 200 articles from major British newspapers (2006-2022) qualitatively and quantitatively. The research uncovers recurring linguistic shibboleths, indexically linked social meanings, and prevalent language ideologies concerning MLE and other London dialects. Results reveal a consistent emphasis on specific linguistic shibboleths repeated in articles. Indexical links for 'MLE' are constructed through evaluative comments, alarmist metaphors employing xenophobic immigration tropes, and loaded keywords. 'Cockney' and 'Estuary English' are portrayed more favourably and, together with 'Received Pronunciation (RP)', serve to stigmatise MLE. This study underscores the role of media discourse in shaping the enregisterment of dialects, contributing to social stratification and the 'othering' of certain linguistic varieties.

India's entertainment industry is massive and diverse, offering a wide range of options for people to choose from. With the growth of television, it has become the most popular and effective medium of communication in India, surpassing all other forms of media. Over the past few decades, television shows have caught the attention of viewers. After a long day of work, it has offered a place for family leisure. Indian TV programs are associated with awkwardness. It is well known that most daily soap operas, even comedy programs, have extremely difficult narratives. It's all about bizarre methods to get hospitalized or abducted. Now that our family is watching them and establishing ideas, it isn't even humorous anymore because we must be worried about the content that airs on national television. This chapter is an attempt to analyze the content of five popular TV shows on parameters like storyline, and fashion.

Demi menjamin keberlangsungan perkembangan perbendaharaan bahasa Arab itu sendiri, usaha-usaha berterusan ke arah mencari padanan istilah atau terma yang sesuai dan tepat bagi ciptaan atau idea baharu yang muncul adalah menjadi satu keperluan seiring dengan perkembangan zaman dan isinya. Pembentukan istilah dalam bahasa Arab sejak sekian lama telah menyaksikan kepelbagaian pendekatan dan cara pembentukan istilah-istilah baharu seperti akronim, derivasi, terjemahan, sintesis, pengaraban, imbuhan awalan dan akhiran, dan pinjaman kata. Kajian ini mengadaptasi pendekatan kualitatif dengan menggunakan kaedah analisis dokumen. Sebanyak 42 entri leksikal terpilih berbahasa Inggeris yang dimulai oleh huruf C dalam kamus Mustolahat I'lamiah dianalisis makna dan padanan bahasa Arab yang diberikan oleh pengarang. Analisis ini diharap mampu memberi serba sedikit gambaran bagaimana proses pembentukan istilah media yang berlaku dalam bahasa Arab.

Este trabajo de fin de grado trata de entender las mayores influencias que del Cockney en el habla de los jóvenes británicos del sureste de Inglaterra, mediante el estudio de su evolución en el último siglo. El ensayo pone en perspectiva las características más importantes de los tres aspectos del dialecto: fonética, gramática y léxico. Para esto, se ha seleccionado un corpus que ilustrase la descripción que los académicos dan sobre el Cockney, y, de esta manera, poder ver la evolución que el dialecto ha podido tener. Este estudio es principalmente descriptivo, y contrasta los diferentes periodos temporales de esta variedad lingüística. Al revisar el sociolecto tradicional de Londres, las influencias que este ha tenido en los británicos se pueden apreciar claramente. El trabajo sugiere que esta nueva variación lingüística del sureste de Inglaterra no es simplemente una variación del Cockney, sino que se trata de un dialecto completamente diferente, aunque esté muy influido por este....

«گوینده» در برنامه های رادیو، نفر اول یک برنامه محسوب می‌شود. حاصل تمام تلاشهائی که برای ساخت یک برنامه رادیوئی بوسیله گروه تولید  شامل: طراح برنامه، پژوهشگر، نویسنده، سردبیر، تهیه کننده  و دیگران انجام می گیرد، سرانجام از طریق «گوینده»، به شنونده منتقل می شود. از سوی دیگر، آنچه سرانجام از یک برنامه در ذهن شنونده باقی می ماند، صورت اجراشده آن است که توسط گوینده انجام می گیرد و هم از اینروست که گاهی شنوندگان رادیو، گوینده را برنامه ساز و مسئول برنامه می پندارند. باتوجه به این نقش و تاثیر گوینده، ذکر راهکارهائی برای اجرای این نقش مهم در رادیو ضرورت دارد که در این نوشته کوتاه به آن پرداخته شده است.

Focusing on a popular Turkish soap opera "Aramizda Kalsin" broadcasted at the prime-time on a national Turkish TV channel, this paper seeks to investigate the influence of family relationships on the audience. This research is desgined as a case study of the Turkish Cypriots young adults who are tertiary students. In the research, qualitative metholodology is used. Data collection has been realized through observation, field notes and semi-structured interviews and analyzed thematically. Participants' responses indicate differences of audience attitudes towards watching television. Family relationships in the serial are reacted positively; however, cultural issues in marriage and divorce are found problematic. Almost all participants consider that the family relations, marriage and divorce represent the values of the Turkish society. Since people learn about different families through the television serials, this paper proves the significance of presenting good examples in the TV series.

In Australia today, radio continues to draw large audiences, with high engagement among older adults. This research investigated how radio personnel and listeners regard the purpose of radio, and further how engaging with radio is perceived to influence listener wellbeing. Thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with radio personnel (N = 16) and focus groups with older adult listeners (N = 32) suggest that the purpose of radio is to stay informed (e.g., news and information), for entertainment (e.g., music), and for perceived social purposes (e.g., communion, social connection, company, and companionship). Findings indicate there are implicit and explicit ways in which radio facilitates the wellbeing of their listenership. Explicitly, radio promotes mental health through broadcasts and programming, as well as exploiting the medium of radio as a public service for the community to call and rely on. Participants implicitly indicated that radio acts as a surrogate friend in their home; someone to keep them company and encourage connection to their greater community. Broadly, perceived relationships with radio programs and individual presenters, built and sustained over time through repeating listening, underpin the radio's ability to support listener wellbeing. These findings have implications for broadcasting practices as well as future work concerning how the radio might be used as a widely accessible tool for promoting quality of older life.

The current study was conducted to analyze the portrayal of families in Urdu drama serials right from the start of television drama to 2016. The Urdu drama serial period was divided in to two eras, pre-cable era and cable era. Through the lens of cultivation theory, message system analysis was done of Urdu drama serial for more than five decades. It was hypothesized that pre-cable era will depict more extended families and cable-era depict more nuclear families. The finding of study revealed that our assumption was not supportive and more nuclear families were found in both the eras. Similarly, the other important variable was sibling in pre-cable and cable era. Maximum dramas showed only two to three children in families of both the eras. More diversity of culture was found in terms of family depiction in pre-cable era, and more homogenous and urban elite class was found in cable era.

The linguistic confidence rate provides us with information about the level of convergence or divergence between the sociolinguistic consciousness and the performance inside a speech community. This causes the stabilization of the linguistic varieties, when the coincidence occurs, or the linguistic change, in the case of discrepancy. For the analysis of the linguistic confidence, it is necessary to compare the attitude to the linguistic performance. This phenomenon is what this article aims at: To show and to analyze the correlation between the journalists' sociolinguistic attitude and the performance during the daily local broadcasting in Almeria (Spain)

analysed language use in Hackney, an area in the East End of London traditionally associated with the dense social networks of working class white Cockneys. Although there had been some immigrant arrivals to the area in the first half of the twentieth century (mainly Jewish people from different European countries and people from Ireland), in general Cockneys had rarely come into contact with speakers of other languages. However, during the postwar slum clearance and reconstruction of London many of the original inhabitants of the East End were transferred to new housing estates further east or to new towns in Essex (Fox 2015). This relocation left an ageing population in Hackney until, with the arrival of foreign immigrants, the population started to increase. The earliest immigrants to arrive were from the West Indies, but they were soon joined by immigrants from a very wide range of countries. At first, immigrant groups were isolated from the indigenous community, which was not always welcoming. The children tended to keep the language of the home and the language of the school separate, and mainly did not acquire English until they attended school, where the English that they heard was the local London vernacular. Research carried out in London in the 1980s (Sebba 1993) found that Afro-Caribbean adolescents at that time were bidialectal, switching between Jamaican Creole and London English. 'Anglo' adolescents (children of the indigenous white working class Cockney families) sometimes used Creole words but they maintained the London Cockney English spoken at home.

Previous studies of language contact in multilingual urban neighborhoods in Europe claim the emergence of new varieties spoken by immigrant-background youth. This paper examines the sociolinguistic conditioning of variation in allophones of Swedish /ε:/ of young people of immigrant and nonimmigrant background in Stockholm and Gothenburg. Although speaker background and sex condition the variation, their effects differ in each city. In Stockholm there are no significant social differences and the allophonic difference appears to have been neutralized. Gothenburg speakers are divided into three groups, based on speaker origin and sex, each of which orients toward different norms. Our conclusions appeal to dialectal diffusion and the desire to mark ethnic identity in a diverse sociolinguistic context. These results demonstrate that not only language contact but also dialect change should be considered together when investigating language variation in modern-day cities.

The current study was conducted to analyze the portrayal of families in Urdu drama serials right from the start of television drama to 2016. The Urdu drama serial period was divided in to two eras, pre-cable era and cable era. Through the lens of cultivation theory, message system analysis was done of Urdu drama serial for more than five decades. It was hypothesized that pre-cable era will depict more extended families and cable-era depict more nuclear families. The finding of study revealed that our assumption was not supportive and more nuclear families were found in both the eras. Similarly, the other important variable was sibling in pre-cable and cable era. Maximum dramas showed only two to three children in families of both the eras. More diversity of culture was found in terms of family depiction in pre-cable era, and more homogenous and urban elite class was found in cable era.

The topic of this paper is the reporting of media on the coronavirus and side phenomena of global sanitary crisis caused by COVID-19 at the example of three Spanish daily magazines (online versions): El País, La Vanguardia and 20 minutos. We have analysed the articles published during 2020. The aim of this paper is to present similarities and differences in media coverage of the topic of coronavirus using the example of three media outlets with large influence, but with a different level of credibility. We have selected four texts from each newspaper, one for each of four key phases of the pandemic. According to our methodology, these phases are: first outbreak of contagion in China, first confirmed death in Spain, declaration of state of alarm and lockdown and the first end of state of alarm and lockdown on June 21st 2020. We also analysed twelve more articles, using the inductive, deductive and comparative method, that inform about various aspects of life in the time of the pandemic: civil rights (especially curfew), public health, economy and celebrities tested positive for coronavirus. During the analysis, we have focused on the elements of journalistic language, as well as the ethics of journalists’ gaze at COVID-19. We have taken into consideration some linguistic elements like: evidentiality, combination of formal, neutral and informal speech, eufemism and political correctness, metaphore, word order, neologisms, verb forms, graphostylistic marks.

Tema ovog rada je medijsko izveštavanje o koronavirusu i propratnim
fenomenima globalne zdravstvene krize na primeru tri španska dnevna lista: El
Pais, La Vanguardia i 20 minutos. Korpus tekstova čine novinski članci objavljeni
tokom 2020. godine. Cilj ovog rada je da pokaže sličnosti i razlike u izveštavanju o
koronavirusu na primeru tri veoma uticajna, ali ne jednako kredibilna španska medija.
Izabrali smo četiri teksta iz svakog lista, jedan iz svake od četiri ključne faze epidemije.
Prema našoj metodologiji, te faze su: izbijanje zaraze u Kini, pojava prve žrtve bolesti
u Španiji, uvođenje vanrednog stanja i karantina i prvo ukidanje vanrednog stanja
21. juna 2020. godine. U radu ćemo analizirati još dvanaest tekstova koji se bave
različitim aspektima života u doba korone: ljudskim pravima, javnim zdravljem,
ekonomijom i poznatim ličnostima zaraženim koronavirusom. Kroz analizu tekstova
obratićemo pažnju na elemente novinskog jezika, kao i na etiku novinarskog pristupa
temi koronavirusa.
Ključne reči: koronavirus, Španija, El Pais, La Vanguardia, 20 minutos, mediji, jezik.

Standard (British) English and Cockney are the varieties of English placed on the opposite ends of the linguistic continuum in the London area. The present article aims at drawing an outline of their almost parallel histories and developments. The variety in-between, that is Estuary English, is intentionally not dealt with here, referring the reader interested in the subject to Santipolo 2000 and 2001. 1. Standard (British) English vs. RP Standard English (SE) is that dialect of English, the grammar, syntax, morphology, slang and vocabulary of which are most widely accepted and understood. Here "widely" means both socially and geographically , that is, the dialect that, least of all, raises critical judgements about itself and is generally considered overtly prestigious. It is perhaps worth remembering that "the chief difference between standard and non-standard varieties are not in their 'superior' or 'inferior' linguistic structures, but in the diffe...

Previous studies of language contact in multilingual urban neighborhoods in Europe claim the emergence of new varieties spoken by immigrant-background youth. This paper examines the sociolinguistic conditioning of variation in allophones of Swedish /ε:/ of young people of immigrant and nonimmigrant background in Stockholm and Gothenburg. Although speaker background and sex condition the variation, their effects differ in each city. In Stockholm there are no significant social differences and the allophonic difference appears to have been neutralized. Gothenburg speakers are divided into three groups, based on speaker origin and sex, each of which orients toward different norms. Our conclusions appeal to dialectal diffusion and the desire to mark ethnic identity in a diverse sociolinguistic context. These results demonstrate that not only language contact but also dialect change should be considered together when investigating language variation in modern-day cities.

This paper analyses how Sao Paulo radio stations targeting the young audience (up to 30 years old) are reconfiguring their services and schedules to serve a new audience demand. The introduction of social networks in the dynamics of the shows (especially Twitter and Facebook, and more recently WhatsApp) has added new possibilities of interaction between a highly connected audience – which already used telephone, e-mail and SMS – and the broadcaster. Besides that, the stations started offering more content in their web pages: photo, video, predetermined musical playlists, segmented news, etc. Now, the programmes on dial are also changing, bringing back a kind of show that, for about 20 years, have been generally put aside in favour of a music-driven programming. We can now notice more presence of the radio presenter during the musical programming, including more live interaction to the listeners; fictional productions; talk shows and long interviews; live game shows. Thus, this paper...

Previous studies of language contact in multilingual urban neighborhoods in Europe claim the emergence of new varieties spoken by immigrant-background youth. This paper examines the sociolinguistic conditioning of variation in allophones of Swedish /ε:/ of young people of immigrant and nonimmigrant background in Stockholm and Gothenburg. Although speaker background and sex condition the variation, their effects differ in each city. In Stockholm there are no significant social differences and the allophonic difference appears to have been neutralized. Gothenburg speakers are divided into three groups, based on speaker origin and sex, each of which orients toward different norms. Our conclusions appeal to dialectal diffusion and the desire to mark ethnic identity in a diverse sociolinguistic context. These results demonstrate that not only language contact but also dialect change should be considered together when investigating language variation in modern-day cities.

This chapter traces the chronology of youth language in London from the arrival of the first post-Second World War migrants from Jamaica in 1948 to the early 2000s, by which time what is now known as Multicultural London English (MLE) had become a well-established, recognised variety. Referring to earlier work by Beaken, Hurford, Sebba and Hewitt, we argue that MLE was preceded by two previous youth languages: London Jamaican and a 'multiracial vernacular'. Both of these were contingent on users (ethnicity) and on context (expressing solidarity), and neither was a 'vernacular' in Labov's (1972) sense. MLE emerged, we argue, in the early 1980s, when London's inner city had become highly multilingual, with the children of migrants now constituting up to a half their local age cohorts. Children were acquiring English in communities where the older London variety no longer dominated. The resulting variety, MLE, became for many speakers their vernacular. We also argue that the early Jamaicans formed a 'founding' population for youth culture, and that this status is reflected in the present day through MLE's slang. Other linguistic features of MLE, however, only resemble Caribbean Creole to the extent that they are also shared by other input varieties to the mix.

Figures released by the Radio Audience Measurement Survey(RAMS) conducted by the South African Advertising Research Foundation (SAARF), showed that Tuks FM listener figures measured a record number of 67 000 listeners in 1999 (SAARF 2011). This number has dropped significantly in the last 10 years to 55 000 by 2010 (SAARF 2011). This shows a decline of 10 000 listeners in 10 years. The aim of this research essay is to find reasons as well as solutions for the problem of declining listenership. I will present a case study of Tuks FM that includes a short description, history and analysis of the case study that is of the station Tuks FM, after which I will begin to analyse the notion of ‘’Community Radio station’’ in depth, by discussing
key terms and important ideas concerning this specific type of radio station. I will also examine and explain the research problem and elaborate on the scientific research methodologies that will be used to seek solutions and resolutions to the challenges that the case study perceives. Each challenge including, signal strength, Broadcastings Complaints Commission of South Africa (BCCSA) regulations, lack of
sufficient funding, volunteer Basis, exclusive music, Exclusive languages and Technology will be discussed in depth.

In this age of technologically advanced media, especially the TV series on satellite channels are considered the most powerful and permeant entertainment platforms where people live in or within it. In the recent Indian television drama series, the under/representation along with the stereotypical portrayals of women and men are very conspicuous. As a consequence, these -TV series- have great deal of impact upon how we construe and understand men and women. This type of alluring representation surges the mass towards reaching the peak of this typified relationship demonstrated in the TV series. However, in relation to case studies, it also sheds light on the implications our real-life relationship has such as, men's authority and women's incompetence and vice-versa. In addition to that, this paper aims at unveiling how these
TV series actually deviate us from the way of inferring, interpreting and understanding towards a same situation in reality. For this qualitative study, a Hindi TV series titled Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai (What is this relationship called?) has been selected as a stimulus.

Key Words: Under/representation, stereotypical portrayal, implications on real-life relationship

این گفتار، به «نویسنده» و جایگاه او در شکل گیری زبان رادیو می پردازد. در این مقاله، محدودیتهای کلی حاکم بر نوشته های رادیوئی و همچنین ویژگیهای هر کدام از انواع برنامه ها از نظر زبانی بيان می گردد. این گفتار، از پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد نگارنده در دانشگاه تهران به راهنمائی استاد دکتر علی محمد حق شناس استخراج شده است.

In this age of technologically advanced media, especially the TV series on satellite channels are considered the most powerful and permeant entertainment platforms where people live in or within it. In the recent Indian television drama series, the under-representation along with the stereotypical portrayals of women and men are very conspicuous. As a consequence, these -TV series- have great deal of impact upon how we construe and understand men and women. This type of alluring
representation surges the mass towards reaching the peak of this typified relationship demonstrated in the TV series. However, in relation to case studies, it also sheds light on the implications our real-life relationship has such as, men's authority and women's incompetence and vice-versa. In addition to that, this paper aims at unveiling how these series actually deviate us from the way of inferring,
interpreting and understanding towards a same situation in reality. For this qualitative study, a Hindi TV series titled Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai (What is this relationship called?) has been selected as a stimulus.

Key Words: Under-representation, stereotypical portrayal, implications on real-life relationship

This paper analyses how São Paulo radio stations targeting the young audience (up to 30 years old) are reconfiguring their services and schedules to serve a new audience demand. The introduction of social networks in the dynamics of the shows (especially Twitter and Facebook, and more recently WhatsApp) has added new possibilities of interaction between a highly connected audience – which already used telephone, e-mail and SMS – and the broadcaster. Besides that, the stations started offering more content in their web pages: photo, video, predetermined musical playlists, segmented news, etc. Now, the programmes on dial are also changing, bringing back a kind of show that, for about 20 years, have been generally put aside in favour of a music-driven programming. We can now notice more presence of the radio presenter during the musical programming, including more live interaction to the listeners; fictional productions; talk shows and long interviews; live game shows. Thus, this paper demonstrates how the five main radio stations segmented to young audience in São Paulo (two of them national networks) have made major changes to their content production structure.

Recent work by Cheshire, Kerswill, Fox, and Torgersen (e.g. 2011) has described the emergence of a new dialect in London, UK – Multicultural London English (MLE). MLE is a consequence of indirect language contact and group second language acquisition of English among racially-diverse adolescent friendship groups. The role ethnicity and race play in linguistic variation in these diverse, multi-ethnic contexts is still under debate. Cheshire et al. found that adolescents in inner-city London were more likely to use MLE features if they had ethnically diverse friendship networks. However, other studies have suggested that ethnicity and race are unimportant, or even irrelevant, for recently emergent multiethnolects in several European cities (e.g. Quist 2008; Wiese 2009). By using qualitative and quantitative methods, this research examines language variation in a different MLE-speaking adolescent community to shed light on the dynamics of race and ethnicity in a multicultural context.

Data gathered through a 12-month ethnography of a Year Ten (14-15 years old) cohort at Riverton, a multi-ethnic secondary school in Newham, East London include field notes, interviews, and group recordings with 27 students (19 girls, 8 boys). As a whole, this project examines a range of phonetic, morphosyntactic, and discourse features that are part of the MLE canon. This paper presents results of both inter- and intra-speaker variation regarding two variables –/ð/-stopping and /θ/-fronting – in order to construct a detailed picture of the effects of social factors on adolescents’ repertoires in London.

Results of the quantitative analysis suggest that adolescents of White British background are less likely to /ð/-stop, as are female adolescents. In addition, /θ/-fronting also appears to be ethnically stratified. These results align with ethnographic observations where ethnicity and race appeared highly important for many students. For example, Year Ten girls used self-ascribed peer group labels such as White Squad, Black Squad, Asian Squad, and Mixed Squad. Qualitative analysis further demonstrates the complexities of race and ethnicity at Riverton, as adolescents’ constructions of Whiteness, Blackness, and Asianness are inextricably linked to friendship networks, and notions of localness and Britishness.

As noted, previous work (Cheshire et al. 2011) found group second language acquisition and indirect language contact to be a driving force behind language change; the present study suggests that ethnicity and race may also have important linguistic consequences in multi-ethnic communities. Particularly, these results contribute to the debate over whether recently emerged multi-ethnolects should be considered a “typological language variety” or a “transient youth language” (Cheshire, Nortier, Adger 2015). Indeed, not all MLE variables discovered by Cheshire et al. seem to be in regular use 12 years on; the degree of social meaning and indexical links assigned to different variables in this study could go some way to explaining this.

Cheshire, Jenny, Paul Kerswill, Sue Fox, and Eivind Torgersen. 2011. Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of Multicultural London English. Journal of Sociolinguistics. 15(2): 151-196.

Quist, Pia. 2008. Sociolinguistic approaches to multiethnolect: Language variety and stylistic practice. International Journal of Bilingualism. 12(1&2): 43-61.

Wiese, Heike. 2009. Grammatical innovation in multiethic urban Europe: New linguistic practices among adolescents. Lingua. 119: 782-806.

Until 1998, the formal 'you' ('você') was the consensual way of treatment in radio broadcasting. The first radiostation ever to treat its listeners in an informal 'you' ('tu') was Mega FM, which was founded in 1998. Mega FM's target, at that time, was young adults, mainly students, and treating them in an informal way was a strategy in order to improve proximity and intimacy with the radio listener. After that, competitors that arose (Best Rock, Cidade FM) started using the same strategy, creating a new paradigm in the radio market: stations aiming at youngsters would be informal and use 'tu'; stations targeting adults would be formal and use 'você'. This phenomenon was the status quo during the whole first decade of the century. However, nowadays there seems to be a growing tendency of informality in social patterns. Since the end of 2010, RFM -the leader in radio audience, which target is 25-45 years old -has changed its positioning in the way of treating radio listeners and it is now treating them with the informal you ('tu'). The way of treatment has changed but not the target; therefore, this might reveal a few social tendencies that can predict the future. Radio broadcasting seems to be following a tendency of informality, which is not happening in media competitors such as press or TV. This tendency might be explained by social patterns: life expectancy has been increasing so exponentially that people become older much later in time; also youth and beauty are extremely valued and have became a goal to the majority of people, thus making them appreciate the fact that the environment around them makes them feel young. However, there are also commercial reasons behind this tendency: day by day, companies have been communicating their brands in a much more innovative and fresher way, many times using an informal tone of voice in advertising. Therefore, the informal treatment in radio broadcasting also creates coherency between information and entertainment contents and advertising. In this communication, the main goal will be to understand this new paradigm that has been developed in the past years about the way radio stations treat their audience, try to explain its causes and how this tendency will evolve in the future. The two case studies mentioned (Mega FM and RFM) will be introduced more deeply and the social analysis of the radio listener will also take place.

The language of young people is often viewed very negatively by some sections of the mainstream media and by some social commentators in the UK. While this is nothing new – older generations routinely despair of how the youth of today are ruining the language – what is different now is the added element of ethnicity, whereby young people of various ethnicities are perceived as using some kind of ‘ghetto grammar’ or ‘Jafaican’ which carry often explicit connotations of ‘sounding black’. This paper challenges the mainstream view by firstly introducing the linguistic take on this emerging Multicultural Urban British English, and then exploring the views of young people themselves on how they use language by taking qualitative data from a linguistic ethnography project involving 14-16 year olds in a non-mainstream urban educational setting. The young people provide insights into their language that are in complete opposition to the views so often expressed in the media, and which instead suggest that linguistic features that were previously strongly associated with specific ethnicities are being used in new and innovative ways. Refreshingly, it would appear that for many young people ethnicity is simply not a consideration, at least in relation to language.

Cockney Rhyming Slang is not a language but rather a compilation of phrases used by Cockneys and other Londoners. It is a type of slang in which a word is replaced by words or phrases they rhyme with. This form of phrase construction is mainly prevalent in dialectal English from the East End of London. These phrases are derived from taking an expression, which rhymes with the word, and then replacing that word with the expression. For example, the word "stairs" rhymes with "apples and pears". Instead of saying "going down the stairs", a cockney would say "going down the apples and pears." However, there are some words that do not rhyme to a person who does not originate from cockney but do rhyme to a native. For instance, Joanna replaces the word piano. Now, for a non-cockney, Joana and piano do not rhyme which totally defeats the purpose of rhyming slang. However, these two words do rhyme for cockneys and that is because of their accents. Cockneys have a very strong accent in

At the intersection of discourse and media studies lies media linguistics (from German Medienlinguistik ), an umbrella term for the study of mediated language in society. Two approaches can be discerned within media linguistics. Work on language of the media examines how (news) media use language to represent social life. Work on language in the media investigates how language standards, ideologies, and change are represented in the media. The popularity of media linguistics is spurred on by two developments: the shifting ecology of media organizations and their fragmented audiences, and the proliferation of mediated communication in society. The book under review addresses both developments through a timely sociolinguistic lens. By focusing on sociolinguistic change in mediated communication, Jannis Androutsopoulos argues that sociolinguists can study speakers' linguistic repertoires, their language practices around digital media, their agency visàvis institutional policies, languageideological change, and linguistic flows across media and institutional contexts.

This paper reports on the use of word initial th-stopping (/t/ for /θ/ in words such as thing, three, thump) in the process of enacting identities in the context of two inner-city PRU (Pupil Referral Unit) learning centres catering for 14-16 year olds who have been excluded from mainstream education for behaviour/discipline issues. We take an ethnographic, practice-based approach which has included recorded data from unguarded interactions inside and outside the classrooms, peer and self-recording on the part of the young people, informal conversations with the researchers, and discussions about language. We argue that th-stopping, a feature traditionally associated in the UK with West Indian/British Creoles, is being used as an (ethnically) unmarked form in everyday interactions, suggesting that hitherto ethnically loaded features are now doing different identity work, and it is by focussing primarily on practices rather than speakers/ethnicities that we can see the process of change most clearly.

This paper aims to present the reflections of social practices over the trends of media. At present, we see that the rise of media has emerged as the sole body of massive change of human existence. Its rise cannot, in any circumstance, be left unquestioned when it is linked with the question of caste practice in media. In this context, it is imperative to embark upon the caste practice in media bringing about change in the thinking process of masses itself. It raises some vital questions related to the kind of agitated masses and their assertions in the politics underlying in languages reinforced by its openness. It is an investigation from outside the media which would prove its massive influence in the making of mass media.
This is neither new as a concern nor as a practice. What is new which has come out is the demystification of languages which has triggered a question of caste in the media. In a way, caste in the media does not find its existence without the practice of caste among masses. As to how the caste practice has changed its forms could be minutely observed in the emerging trends of media.

‘ in R Chapman & N Hewitt (eds.), Popular culture and mass communication in Twentieth Century France, Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press, 1992, 27-46.

The construction and perception of social identity is a complex matter.  One aspect of social identity is that which is implicit in the notional audience that the broadcasting media construct for their own institutional purposes.  The thust of this article is to examine how the notional audience constructed by French radio institutions has changed significantly over the last decade, and to conclude by asking what social identity this medium projects onto its listeners, still over three-quarters of the population. 

It looks at the traditional pattern of radio broadcasting, and how it is changing under political pressure towards free market ideologies on the FM band, which brings us to cahnage driven by new technology and the emergence of national networks on FM.  The technological possibilities of the FM band had been opened up by political decision, and forced on traditional broadcasters by economic necessity.  Another significant technological step forward was the launch, mainly for business and defence communications, of low power telecommunications satellites, for the setting up of networks - radios transmitting the same programme in different towns.  Originally networks were banned, but gradually local stations were either bought up or given the franchise to broadcast programmes produced by the station to which the locally owned station was affiliated.  They were legalised in the 1986 audiovisual law reform. 

This brings us to impact of audiovisual Regulation and licensing.
The complexities of relationship between local stations, programme suppliers or franchise holders, and advertisers pose problems in relation to concentration of ownership and variety of programme, problems which the regulators began to address only in 1990. 

These changes affect public service radio, whch has to adapt to competition. It has not been sitting idly by, watching its audience figues dwindle. It has established a national network of local stations and successful thematic stations, and has not neglected new channels of communication such as digital sound via satellite.  However the audience figures of France-Inter continue to be worrying, as does the 1990 operating deficit.

After ten years of rapid change the dominant impression is that the decade has seen the triumph of market forces. 

The laws of the market have encouraged a fragmentation of the audience through the triumph of formatting.  By formatting is meant niche marketing or targeting a particular segment of the total listening public for easier sale to advertisers, and thereto offering a very specific type of programme.  The formats dominating the networks are variations on "music-and-news".

How do we relate these changes in French radio to social identity?  The most useful set of arguments are those around the notion of the construction of an audience by the media (Alvarado and Gurevitch).  This way of looking at the audience involves the idea that a given media organisation can be said to develop a model of the audience to suit its own needs and that people do not exist as an audience until they have been constructed as such by the media.  Now, we have seen that one of the main changes in radio in the last decade has been the growing dominance of the commercial networks.  To exist today commercial radios need to sell their audience to advertisers.  The radio station promises to deliver a particular type and size of audience to companies who have bought advertising slots at particular times of the day.  Thus programming policy (production and scheduling) is predicated on the principle of creating a particular type of audience rather than on the basis of providing listeners with "what they want to hear".  In defining this audience, emphasis is not so much on numbers as on "demographics" which identify a particular consumer group.  This is illustrated with reference to one such new radio, the small, but successfully targeted station, RFM.

Finally, the article examines two dangers re: audience construction: exclusion and stereotyping.  Firstly, it tends to exclude from the explicitly addressed audience any groups with lower purchasing power.  Secondly, the formatter envisages in the abstract a particular type of listener, and these expectations work to stereotype the nature of the audience as addressed.  Formatting privileges a one-dimensional concept of the listener (the listener as consumer).

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In the past decade, the way of treating radio listeners has evolved towards a more informal way of treatment. Until 1998, the formal "you" ("você") was the consensual way of treatment in radio broadcasting. The first radio station ever to treat its listeners in an informal "you" ("tu") was Mega FM, which was founded in 1998. Mega FM's target, at that time, was young adults, mainly students, and treatment them in an informal way was a strategy in order to improve proximity and intimacy with the radio listener. After that, competitors that arose (Best Rock, Cidade FM,...) started using the same strategy, creating a new paradigm in the radio market: stations aiming at youngsters would be informal and use "tu" and stations targeting adults would be formal and use "você". This phenomenon was the status quo during the whole first decade of the century. However, nowadays there seems to be a growing tendency of informality in the social patterns. Since the end of last year, RFM -the leader in radio audiences, which target is 25-45 year olds -has changed its positioning in the way of treating radio listeners and is now treating them by the informal you ("tu"). The treatment has been changed but not the target, therefore, this might reveal a few social tendencies that can guess the future. Radio broadcasting seems to be following a tendency of informality, which is not happening in media competitors such as press or TV. This tendency might be explained by social patterns: life expectancy has been increasing so exponentially that people become older much later in time; also youth and beauty are extremely valued, and have became a goal to the majority of people, thus making them appreciate the fact that the environment around them makes them feel young. However, there are also commercial reasons behind this tendency: day by day, companies have been communicating their brands in a much more innovative and fresher way, many times using an informal tone of voice in advertising. Therefore, the informal treatment in radio broadcasting also creates coherency between information and entertainment contents and advertising. In this communication, the main goal will be to understand this new paradigm that is developing in the past years about the way radio stations treat their audience, try to explain its causes and how this tendency will evolute in the future. The two case studies mentioned (Mega FM and RFM) will be introduced more deeply and the social analysis of the radio listener will also take place.