Language Planning and Policies

The vocabulary of English in Pakistan as it appears in a few chosen pieces of Anglophone Pakistani literature is examined in this study. Since English has evolved into a national language of Pakistan in a linguistically and culturally diverse country. For this reason, the literary dimension is unquestionably the most crucial components of some argument that English in Pakistan is a unique variety of Englishes across the globe. This study examined the lexical features of four Pakistani Anglophone writers' chosen works using the textual analysis method. The study focuses on the range of creative techniques those English-speaking Pakistani authors that use their writing to express the Pakistani identity in a language that was appropriate for their sociocultural

The people of the Torwali community are enriched in culture and traditions from a historical point of view. They have their rituals, customs, and colorful culture just like all the other communities of northern Pakistan. They are the Dardic type of people living with all the other Dardic communities, like Gawri, Kalasha, and Shina. They are not probed and studied historically. So, this article comprises the living traditions and culture of the Torwali people. This work is done with the help of Secondary as well as Primary sources and Data. In the secondary data, some books and research articles are reviewed and studied to get the most relevant Data for this Article. While for primary Data, some interviews are also conducted at the indigenous level. And for interviews, relevant people are approached and questioned. This article is based on the qualitative approach of the research. Interviews are conducted where the Data from the books are felt insufficient for the analysis. The people of this community have two main Dialects, spoken in Bahrain and Chail Valley. The dominant Dialect is the Bahraini Dialect. Their language has its literature and history. A lot of proverbs are spoken and used in their locality. They have their poetry and Grammar. They have their food items and cuisine still in use and famous. A lot of shops and foods are in the market of Bahrain. They have their indigenous style of clothing. There are also some social evils in the Torwali community. Economically they have a multitype of economy consisting, of agriculture, animal keeping, tourism, and some seasonal work. They are probed in this article very deeply and have tried to explore their culture. They should have explored on official and academic levels so that they may be introduced to the people who are unknown to them.

This paper presents the spatial implication of climate change-related variables and the role of the representation and analysis of the data as a tool for the development of planning policies in urbanized deltas. The presentation illustrates some partial and preliminary results of a broader investigation regarding socio-economic variables too, in order to analyze the spatial impact of changes in deltaic systems. In the deltas' territories, a complex relation between urban patterns and the natural environment takes place. In order to reach successful adaptation policies regarding climate change and urban growth, it is necessary to implement new methodologies to take into account the spatial impacts of each driver and prepare for possible future scenarios. The study is based on the territory of the Lower Parana Delta and the coast of Buenos Aires province, which are complex lands that are very vulnerable to extreme climate events. Specifically, the case study is the coastal Municipality of Tigre, which is being rapidly transformed by natural and urban drivers and suffers the pressures of the demographic growth of Buenos Aires's Metropolitan Area and the deep consequences of climate events.

El objetivo de este artículo se centra en dar a conocer los obstáculos, retos y beneficios experimentados por cuarenta y tres docentes de universidades mexicanas, estadounidenses y canadienses quienes participaron como expositores de cursos COIL (Collaborative Online International Learning) durante el semestre de primavera del 2023. Esta investigación, cualitativa-descriptiva a través del método investigación participativa mediante un muestreo que permitió la recopilación de información de veinte presentaciones y datos experienciales, que se llevaron a cabo en la Universidad Anáhuac en la ciudad de México del 6 al 8 de septiembre del 2023. El supuesto que se sostiene es que el uso de la metodología COIL permite al estudiante una experiencia internacional y colaborativa desde diferentes enfoques y contextos sin salir del aula, constituyéndose en una herramienta para la internacionalización y expansión de la currícula que, a su vez, expande las competencias globales y digitales de los profesores y estudiantes. Ello incluye sugerencias para futuros profesores en la implementación de cursos COIL.
Palabras claves: Educación, Internalización, Interculturalidad, Cooperación, Competencias globales.

Russian Arctic is a highly urbanized region, with most towns built in the Soviet era to facilitate extraction industries as well as provide and maintain military facilities. Global environmental and developmental changes, as well as national political decisions open up Russia’s Arctic to massive investment, industrial and socioeconomic development. How do Russian Arctic cities, towns, and municipalities reflect on new opportunities in terms of designing their climate change adaptation strategies at a local level? Starting with theoretical discourse on urban climate change adaptation strategy, this research examines state-of-the-art, challenges and trends in planning for adaptation measures in Russia’s Arctic industrial centers. Special attention is given to a comparative analysis of the cities’ climate change adaptation strategies. The role of civil society institutions and business community in the adaptation strategy planning process is explored. Moreover, conflict sensitive appro...

Language policy of the state and language in education are vital questions of the present times. The questions have gained enormous value, as the contemporary world communities are mostly multilingual. Over and above, English has entered as a powerful player in the arena since the colonial times. This has created such chaos in many countries as seems to be irresolvable. Amongst all that are the clarion calls for legitimate place of national and local languages in education. The authors carried out their study in perspective of South Asia with special focus on Pakistan. The authors proceeded with their study with four objectives in mind: (1) to explore the language policies as manifested in proportionate place of English and local languages in social institutions; (2) to investigate the place of the same languages in education as medium of instruction and as subjects of study; (3) to inquire into the reciprocal effect of the language policies and the place of languages in education; (4) to fathom the chances of the local languages to gain the ground in education in Pakistan and other South Asian countries. The populations of the study were educationists, teachers and students. The samples comprised 30 educationists, 60 teachers and 120 students. The researcher used mixed method approach for data collection. The tools of the research were document analysis, questionnaires, interviews and discussions. The findings indicated stunning facts. In the light of the findings, recommendations were made for the rightful place of local languages and that of English in education.

The situation of the French language in the American state of Louisiana, the linguistic policies enacted by the administration and its academic processing is highly representative of lots of countries or regions, and will be examined in this study. Having been a teacher within the CODOFIL program (which recruits native-speaker teachers, mostly from France and Belgium), working in New Orleans for two years, successively in a charter school and in a Recovery District school with students ranging from 4 to 18 year-old, I had time to observe the process from inside: students, parents, teachers, school administrators, CODOFIL and the Louisiana Board of Education's behaviors, preconceived ideas and orientations. On the other side, living among Louisianans, it was fairly easy to measure the vitality and the varieties of French in the state, as well as the different linguistic levels and the social values of linguistic interaction through different codes. Being from Poitou proved useful, allowing a good understanding of the Cajun speech and a better comprehension of code-switching meanings and values; and I felt that being part of a diglossing 1 and culturally oppressed and undervalued community (the Poitevin one) helped me identifying similar social trends in the local social and cultural groups. This study, as stated, will focus on the French language and its varieties in Louisiana, and will just skim through some other aspects of the local linguistic spectrum, but further studies and analysis should be done to have a more complete understanding of language dynamics: 1 Diglossia: "a situation in which two languages (or two varieties of the same language) are used under different conditions within a community, often by the same speakers. The term is usually applied to languages with distinct 'high' and 'low' (colloquial) varieties, such as Arabic",

Türkçe tehlikede mi? Yabanc› sözcükler konusu Türkiye'de hep tart›şma konusu olmuştur. Bu makalede, yabanc› sözvarl›ğ›n›n Türkçe üzerindeki etkisi araşt›r›lmaktad›r. Bu amaçla, Türk Dil Kurumu taraf›ndan 1945 y›l›nda yay›nlanan ilk Türkçe sözlük olan TÜRKÇE SÖZLÜK üzerinde çal›ş›lm›ş ve bir ödünçleme sözcük bütüncesi haz›rlanm›şt›r. Sözlükbilim alan›ndaki bu sözvarl›ğ› incelemesiyle hangi yabanc› dillerden, hangi dönemlerde, hangi kapsamda hangi alanlarda ve hangi kültürel etkiler sonucunda Türkçe'ye ödünçleme yoluyla sözcük girdiği saptanmaya çal›ş›lm›şt›r.

Russian Arctic is a highly urbanized region, with most towns built in the Soviet era to facilitate extraction industries as well as provide and maintain military facilities. Global environmental and developmental changes, as well as national political decisions open up Russia’s Arctic to massive investment, industrial and socioeconomic development. How do Russian Arctic cities, towns, and municipalities reflect on new opportunities in terms of designing their climate change adaptation strategies at a local level? Starting with theoretical discourse on urban climate change adaptation strategy, this research examines state-of-the-art, challenges and trends in planning for adaptation measures in Russia’s Arctic industrial centers. Special attention is given to a comparative analysis of the cities’ climate change adaptation strategies. The role of civil society institutions and business community in the adaptation strategy planning process is explored. Moreover, conflict sensitive appro...

en valeur des paysages adoptée en 1993 incite les collectivités locales à faire de la protection et de la valorisation des paysages un objectif de leurs politiques d'aménagement. Aux diverses échelles des territoires (la région étudiée est celle des Pays de la Loire), l'invocation du paysage prend différents sens. Mais ces nouvelles échelles du paysage d'aménagement posent des problèmes aux gestionnaires: comment les politiques publiques concilient-elles l'appréhension sensible des paysages avec les échelles territoriales de leur mise en oeuvre? La dimension territoriale de la gestion paysagère appelle une transformation du projet paysager.

There is a growing trend around the world to support mother tongue instruction in
the early years of a child‘s education. In Southeast Asia, this is apparent in a rising
number of educational programs that utilize this approach. However, the Philippines is
the only country in Southeast Asia to have instituted a national policy requiring mother
tongue-based multilingual education (MTB-MLE) in the primary school years. While
studies have long supported the use of mother tongue as the language of instruction, they
have primarily been conducted in community rather than national settings. As such, little
is known about how a national policy for MTB-MLE can be disseminated into
contextualized local environments.
This study examined how teachers and parents in one school district in the
Philippines understand and enact MTB-MLE. Teachers‘ and parents‘ knowledge, beliefs,
and practices were studied to identify how national language policy is appropriated at the
ground level. In addition, the challenges to policy implementation were explored and
analyzed. Utilizing a case study methodology, this research included focus groups,
surveys, classroom observations, and individual interviews. Data were collected during a
three week time period in June and July 2012, which was one month after the beginning
of MTB-MLE implementation in the schools.

Un nou marc, un nou enfocament pràctic En aqu ests darrers dies hem pogu t observar a tots els mitjans de comunicació co m des de diverses ins titucions es planteja la necessitat d' actua litzar el marc jurídic qu e emmarca l'ac tivitat lin güí stica. El de bat sobre etiq uetatge qu e s' ha plantejat des del Parlament de l'Esta t i l'inici de co nverses en tre els grups repr esentats al Parlam ent de Catalunya per a la reda cció d'una no va llei sobre l'ús de les llen gü es oficials en só n exem ples clau. No h i ha cap d ubte qu e am bdós debats, vistos des de la perspectiva de la planificació de la po lítica lingü ística catalana, treba llen en un mateix front: la

While the (re)incorporation of transnationals into English educator preparation programs
has been previously explored, the present study contributes to the transnational discussion by
highlighting the voices of Mexican national language teachers1
regarding Mexican transnational
English teachers. We also examine the perspectives of Mexican teachers with respect to language
policies that seek the (re)incorporation of transnationals as English language teachers in Mexican
public schools. Specifically, we focus on the perspectives of in-service English teachers from the
Mexican states of Puebla and Oaxaca, two of the regions with the largest rates of return
migration in Mexico (Ramos Martínez et al., 2017).

Distintius L'ús públic d'una llengua és un dels distintius més clars de la realitat diferenciad a d 'un país. I fer servir norm alm ent la llen gua catalana en el món de la just ícia és una peça im portant en la consolidació del seu ús públic. La prova pilot im pul sada pel Depart ament de Justícia a qua ranta jutjats pe rquè usin exclusiv ame n t el català en tot s els seus actes durant un període inicia l de sis mesos és una dem ostració de l'esforç insti tucional per instaurar mesures per a la dreta aplicac ió de la Llei de política lingüística i per a la normalitz ació. Volem mani festar la satisfacció qu e ens produeix la bona aco llida qu e ha tingu t en tre els princi pa ls in teressats, entre els qu als hi ha la Sala de Gove rn del Tribunal Superi or de Justícia de Cataluny a i el fiscal en cap de l mat eix Tribunal. Per ajudar a fer qu e aquesta expe rièn cia esdev ingui una realita t quotidia na , en els darrers mesos han vist la llum eines específiques, com ara el Vocabularidel dret penal i penitenciari, elaborat pel Depar ta me n t de Justícia i el TERMCAT, del qua l us donem notícia en aquest número de LLENGUA I ús, i com ara els program es de traducció caste llà-català, cata là-castellà. En aquest sen tit, la recent signa tura d 'un acor d en tre el Govern d'Andorra i la Gene ralitat de Cata lu nya per la co l-laborací ó en l'àmbit cultural i lingüístic preveu, en tre d 'alt res aspectes, el desen volupament i la difusió d'aqu est program ari. Aquest acord s'une ix al qu e van firm ar el Govern de les Illes Balears i el de la Gene ralitat en matèria de política lingüística l'abril del 2000 , els fruits del qual, pel qu e fa a la col-laborací ó a LLENGUA I ús, ja podeu comprovar en aq uest nú mero. La toponím ia és una altra peça en la confecció de l'ú s públic de la llen gua. El reconeixem en t com a úniques formes oficials de les formes catalan es dels topònim s va ser una fita, per bé que va generar una certa confusió en l'ús d'aqu ests top ònims en altres llengües. En qualsevol llen gua s'imposa la t raducció del topònim quan té una forma trad iciona l en la llengua d'arribada. Pel qu e fa als to pòn im s qu e disposen de forma cata lana, ens serà de molt a utilitat l'Atles universal d'Enciclopèdia Catalana , del qua l trob areu una ressen ya en les pàgin es d 'aquest número. A més de ser una obra capdava n tera en l'àmbit de la cartografia, l'Atles inclou un exte ns repertori de topònim s, en la llen gua pròpia i traduïts al cata là si ten en una forma trad icional en aquesta llen gua. Perquè tan important és que es tradueixin els topònims amb forma tradici onal com qu e es reconeg uin les formes pròp ies com a oficials. Amb això, i co m a nota d 'actu alitat, ens torna a la memòria l'a tzarosa campanya dels conduc to rs gironin s per la presència de les inicials de la dema rcació de Giro na a les m at rícu les dels cotxes, fita aconseguida llavors i qu e no mantindrà conti nuïtat: les noves matrícules adaptades a l'exigència de la Unió Europea no reconeixen , per opció estatal, la pro cedència terr itorial d'un vehi cle pertanyent a l' Estat espanyol. La voluntat novam ent dels conducto rs del Principat adhe reix a la matrícula o al seu costat el distintiu territorial CAT. No pod em llegir en aquest acte res diferent de la consciència de la ciutadania, qu e, amb detalls com aquest, petits si es vol, ajuda a crear, també, la realitat d'u n país.

La Secció Filològica de l'Institut d'Estudis Catalans va convocar els dies 25 i 26 de novembre de 1999 les Jornades per a la Cooperació en l'Estandardització Lingüística, amb la finalitat de reunir una àmplia representació territorial i sectorial dels professionals de la ...

After historically contextualizing the development of the Judeo-Spanish language, this article deals with processes in Abbau and Ausbau throughout its history, drawing on Heinz Kloss's model. The last section presents an analysis of contemporary Ausbau and standardization processes in Judeo-Spanish. These processes are quantitative analyzed in a set of orthographic and morpho-lexical data collected between 2015 and 2016 that includes two electronic publications (the journal Aki Yerushalayim and the newspaper Şalom) and a transnational electronic forum (Ladinokomunita). In the case of the orthography, the analysis confirms the triumph of Aki Yerushalayim's orthographic system, which is divergent from Spanish. On the other hand, the lexicon shows trends towards convergence with Spanish while maintaining certain lexical elements that iconizes Judeo-Spanish as an ethnic Sephardic language.

This article is written to analyze and give some suggestions concerning language planning in National Education Policy (NEP) 2017. Each government permitted new articles in the constitutions and policies but without following a suitable line of investigation and management of researchers. So in this state of affairs language planning changed into more important beside other national troubles. From the initial day of Pakistan, Pakistani facing tribulations regarding language planning even one of our parts now Bangladesh was separated mainly because of this issue. Pakistan is a multilingual country with five major languages and fifty eight other languages. Language planning is need of all countries especially countries having multilingual and multi-ethnic makeup, Pakistan is one of those countries which have not only multilingual composition but also a conflict on the basis of languages. The scope of this study is that the researcher giving some new plans and suggestions to amend policies. In present time 'National Education Policy 2017' is a good step towards the development. Language planning is official and government-level policy concerning the assortment and promotion of a incorporated administrative language or languages. The researcher recommended that Urdu is a sign of nationalism and lingua franca and English as global language must run side by side, so we can accomplish maximum consequences by competing with the other countries in respect of nationalism. Some suggestions as followings: The issue of language planning should be taken as national issue of Pakistan. All language policies should be made after proper research by the skilled linguistics, psychologists, sociologist and policy makers. Major work should be done on Pakistan language especially in respect of corpus planning as well as status planning to make it a standard language of Pakistan.

L’article examina el coneixement de les varietats normatives del català i del castellà, mitjançant un experiment de camp innovador. Uns cinquanta participants van haver de reconèixer casos d'interferència lingüística, i a partir dels resultats, va ser possible avaluar els seus nivells de coneixement de la normativa lingüística vigent. Els participants provenien de dos grups d’edat. Els més joves tenien entre 25 i 35 anys i els més grans entre 55 i 65. El marc teòric de l'article es focalitza en el debat acadèmic sobre la planificació i la política lingüística, i sobretot en la planificació del corpus i la codificació de la llengua, ja que l’experiment examina el paper de la interferència en la llengua normativa. Quant a la normativització de la llengua, a partir dels resultats de l’experiment, podrem dir que els catalans són cada cop més conscients de la normativa lingüística catalana vigent, sobretot pel que fa a la identificació dels casos d’interferència d’origen castellà. Observarem també que els diferents tipus de planificació i política lingüística en aquesta situació lingüística van estretament lligats, ja que tots formen part de la mateixa realitat sociolingüística.

This article examines the awareness of normative Catalan and Castilian, using an innovative fieldwork experiment. Fifty participants were required to identify instances of non-normative language interference in Catalan and Castilian, and based on the results, conclusions were drawn as to their awareness of current linguistic norms. The participants belonged to two age brackets: the younger group was between 25 and 35 years old, while the older group was between 55 and 65 years old. The theoretical background of the article focuses on the debates surrounding language policy and planning, particularly concerning corpus planning and linguistic codification, given that the experiment is evaluating the role of foreign interference within normative varieties of Catalan. Based on the present experimental results, we will say that Catalans are increasingly aware of the content of normative Catalan, above all with regard to the identification of non-normative Castilianisms. We will also observe that different types of language policy and planning within a given linguistic community are intrinsically linked, as they all form part of the same sociolinguistic reality.

És realment important, en parlar de l'esdevenidor de la llengua catalana, d'aclarir-nos d'entrada sobre com concebem aquest furur. És a dir, què és el que ens volem proposar?, aconseguir de ma11te11ir el català, simplement fent la viu-viu, més o menys present en algunes funcions i en algunes capes socials i geogràfiques de. l seu territori tradicional, o bé, per contra, arribar a poder construir una comunitat lingüística plenament normal, estable i viable en el marc de l'Europa contemporània i futura? Fixem-nos que el camí a recórrer por ser força diferent si ens plantegem l'assoliment d'un o altre objectiu.