Forest History

Despite the subject's importance, historiography has overlooked the shipbuilding industry and its supplies in the Spanish Caribbean, hence the need for this forum. It contributes to naval historiography by offering four case studies that discuss shipbuilding activities in shipyards and the supply of materials, especially the main raw materialwood.

In recent years, railways have undergone a remarkable renaissance in Europe—night train lines have been (re-)established, the high-speed rail network continues to grow, and in the continent’s effort to reduce CO2 emissions, railways play a key role in the much-needed reform of the transportation sector. However, persistent issues like delays and cancellations highlight the consequences of the long-term neglect of railway infrastructure in many European countries today. Inspired by the opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway on 27 September 1825, a series of events and exhibitions will celebrate the bicentenary of the birth of modern railways in Great Britain and all around the world in 2025. So, how should we commemorate the 200th anniversary of the railways? A good starting point to explore this question is a unique location on the British Isles where the past, present, and future of this transformative transport technology converge: the National Railway Museum (NRM) in York.

The present study aims at assessing the quality of work life (QWL) of Nepalese mahouts and their relationship with elephants. The article is based on the Work-Related Quality of Life Scale measurement to determine the QWL of the 108 mahouts (handlers of captivated elephants) working at and around national parks in Nepal and interviews with another four mahouts who are known as the opinion leaders in their profession. The survey results reveal that mahouts are less concerned about their own QWL but more about their elephants' daily workload and bonding with them. The job and career satisfaction are positively correlated with general well-being (GWB) and control at work respectively. The study indicates a positive correlation between work-home interface and GWB, indicating a positive bond between elephants and their mahouts, leading to improved well-being. From the interview of four mahouts, we found that the mahouts' QWL was determined by job satisfaction, emotional intelligence, bonding and trust with elephants rather than conventional factors of QWL. Hence, the QWL is a complex interplay of the emotional rewards of working with animals and the physical and mental challenges that come with their roles.

This paper examines the transformation of forest landscapes in the Tirunelveli district of the Madras Presidency between 1882 and 1920, in the context of colonial commercial and conservation policies. It argues that the British colonial administration’s forest policy, introduced under the guise of scientific conservation, was primarily driven by economic motives, particularly to meet the growing demands of railway expansion, plantations, and timber extraction. The study highlights how reserved forest designations disrupted traditional land use patterns, curtailed tribal rights, and facilitated large-scale commercial exploitation of forest resources. Drawing on archival data, the paper traces changes in land utilisation, the rise of monoculture plantations, and increased prosecutions of tribal communities. It concludes that the forest policy in Tirunelveli represents a clear example of how colonial ecological interventions were embedded in broader projects of resource control and state expansion.

This article combines infrastructure history with a residual materialist approach to trace the history of creosote—a toxic coal tar oil used to impregnate wooden railroad ties. Once an unwanted by-product of coal gasification, creosote became a valued industrial fluid through state and corporate interventions. Focusing on Germany and Austro-Hungary from the 1880s to the interwar period, its study highlights the central role of actors like the Rütgers company in this transformation. It examines the scientification of wood impregnation, the rivalry between creosote-treated wooden ties and iron alternatives, and the influence of maintainers in shaping material preferences. By investigating creosote's "unruliness"—its toxic effects and unpredictable material behaviors, from molecular interactions to transnational flows—the article reveals the entangled impacts of industrial materials on infrastructure, human health, and the environment. In doing so, it underlines the interconnectedness of human and more-than-human worlds in the Anthropocene.

Portuguese rule, from 1920 to 1974. It analyses the role of Portuguese foresters in building Mozambique's Forest Services by looking at their concerns, priorities, application of technical knowledge, challenges and limitations. The article describes how these experts acted in remote areas to survey and catalogue the existing forest as well as introduce European forest management methods. The work also shows how foresters promoted the creation of new forest areas and examines the little-known case of coastal dune afforestation. Emphasis is given to the importance of knowledge and species transfers in these interventions. The authors argue that, alongside to 'grey' infrastructures such as railroads, ports, and dams, forests served as 'green infrastructures' in Mozambique: human-made landscapes used as colonial tools of power, penetration, and state control.

Pericopsis elata (Fabaceae; assamela, afrormosia) is an African moist semi-evergreen forests species. Logged since the 50s, this tree suffers from important regeneration problems. Thus, it is recorded in both IUCN Red List and CITES Appendix II

While most past studies have emphasized the relationships between specific forest stands and edaphic factors, recent observations in Central African moist forests suggested that an increase of slash-and-burn agriculture since 3000-2000 BP (Before Present) could be

This publication focuses on a monitored core area and transect in the Flemish Nature Reserve “Rodebos en Laanvallei” (ca.90 ha). It contains an overview of regional history, research activities, former management and species lists. The reserve in situated between the plateau of Wavre (Waver) and the river Laan. The reserve can be divided in three parts: a valley part, a slope part and a plateau part. The core area and transect are both situated in the slope part. Slope habitats are influenced by a Brusselian aquifer feeding sources at a mean height of 55 m above sea level. Part of this water is acid and nutrient poor. The Brusselian layer of the Laan valley contains no chalk-sandstone banks that could enrich the soil, in contrast to other parts of the Brusselian. But on slope areas with colluvial loam, the Brusselian water is enriched with minerals. Therefore the slope displays an acid tolerant vegetation with Sphagnum as well as a more neutrophilic Querceto-Carpinetum. History shows that the part of the slope with core area and transect has been permanently wooded since more than 230 years and probably much longer. From the second half of the nineteeth century until the first half of the twentieth century, the NW side of the core area probably borders an open cultivated area. Former composition and stand structure of the reserve still remains unknown. Present trees were at least partly planted by the former private owners. The lowest part of the slope, near the NW edge of the core area, is deforested for agriculture during the second half of the nineteenth century and remains that way until its reforestation with conifers in 1936. In 1978, the whole forest is bought from one owner by the Belgian State. Last thinning takes place in 1988, just before Rodebos becomes a nature reserve. According to the first nature management plan, core area and transect are located in ‘deciduous forest with local and/or marginal management’ though spontaneous development of the core area could be influenced by management towards open forest and heath in a neighbouring conifer stand. An extensive ecohydrological study and several species inventories have been carried out. There are permanent plots for snails and soil fauna. Of special interest is research by Koop et al. (1992), who already studied vegetation structure and composition in core area and transect in 1991.

Resumo. As opções de gestão no caso do montado de sobro estão muitas vezes sujeitas à legislação nacional. Um dos aspectos que está regulamentado é o intervalo entre duas extracções consecutivas de cortiça na mesma árvore que, segundo a legislação portuguesa, deve ser igual ou superior a 9 anos. Embora a maioria dos povoamentos de sobreiro sejam descortiçados no final deste período, em muitos casos a cortiça só é extraída com 10 anos, ou ainda posteriormente devido a circunstâncias particulares. O adiamento ou não do descortiçamento é muitas vezes feito de forma subjectiva, dependendo de aspectos como condições climáticas, estado sanitário do povoamento e/ou preço da cortiça. Os modelos existentes para a predição do peso de cortiça extraída ao nível da árvore só podem ser utilizados, na sua grande maioria, para cortiças com 9 anos, uma vez que os dados utilizados para o seu desenvolvimento são limitados a este período de crescimento. O desenvolvimento de um método que permite a predição do peso seco (biomassa) de cortiça extraída ao nível da árvore para idades diferentes de 9 anos foi o objectivo principal deste trabalho. O sistema de equações desenvolvido foi incluído no modelo SUBER, permitindo analisar qual o efeito de alargar ou diminuir o intervalo entre duas extracções consecutivas de cortiça.

Une « révolution agricole ». C'est le terme qui revient sans cesse dans la littérature lorsqu'on s'intéresse à l'agriculture médiévale occidentale. Des changements tels qu'ils auraient bouleversé les productions agricoles, les pratiques mises en oeuvre et la forme même des paysages cultivés. Que ce soit dans le monde chrétien ou musulman, par les écrits de G. Duby ou A. M. Watson, le mot est lancé. « Révolution ». Mais qu'en est-il vraiment ? Au cours des 15 dernières années, mes travaux ont cherché à documenter les dynamiques des systèmes agraires et des forêts méditerranéennes en Méditerranée occidentale, en lien avec les changements sociaux, économiques et environnementaux ayant eu lieu au cours des périodes historiques. Au coeur de cette recherche, la question du changement mais aussi celle de la persistance : tout au long du Moyen Âge, qu'est-ce qui constitue un patrimoine immuable ? Bascule-ton d'un système à un autre ? Et s'il existe un changement, à quoi est-il imputable ? Après des travaux de thèse portant sur une petite région observée au prisme de la diachronie, ma recherche a embrassé un terrain d'étude plus vaste, englobant une grande partie de la Méditerranée occidentale (France méditerranéenne, Espagne, Maroc), pour tenter de percevoir les évolutions des systèmes agraires et des paysages forestiers au cours du millénaire médiéval. La caractérisation des évolutions agricoles et forestières du passé a nécessité la mise en place de méthodes parfois complexes et un recours, lorsque c'était possible, à des approches croisées (archéologie, bioarchéologie, biométrie, biogéochimie, histoire), plus efficaces pour appréhender finement la diversité végétale consommé/cultivée, les pratiques mises en oeuvre et l'état des paysages exploités. Cette approche interdisciplinaire a alors pu être appliquée à l'échelle micro-régionale puis globale, sur des chronologies serrées puis dans le temps long, pour comprendre ce qui relève de l'héritage, de la nouveauté, du particularisme et du commun.

MAURO BERNABEI (*) -CLAUDIO POLLINI (*) NOTA DENDROCRONOLOGICA SUI TIGLI DI S. LUGANO (BOLZANO, ITALIA) ( 1 ) Ad oggi, pochi lavori di dendrocronologia sono stati realizzati sul tiglio. Questioni legate alla particolare conformazione anatomica del legno e alle caratteristiche dell'accrescimento radiale comportano talvolta la formazione di anelli non chiaramente individuabili. Inoltre, la presenza sporadica dei tigli nei boschi italiani non facilita la costruzione di cronologie campione di riferimento. In questo lavoro, le classiche tecniche proprie dell'anatomia del legno e della dendrocronologia sono state impiegate per far luce sulla reale durata della vita di due piante di tiglio di notevole interesse storico locale. È stata così realizzata una cronologia di 245 anni che si sincronizza bene con le cronologie campione del larice e del pino cembro della zona. Tale cronologia ha contribuito alla ricostruzione di un piccolo pezzo della storia della valle.

Herbier amphibie pionnier à Isoetes lacustris L. ( ) -Lac de Gérardmer (Vosges) référentiels utilisés pour l'article : -pour la flore, le référentiel TAXREF v12.0 mis en ligne le 23 octobre 2018 par le Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle : rentiel-taxonomique-taxref -pour la syntaxonomie phytosociologique : Bardat et al. 2004.

W sierpniu 1905 roku Józef Mehoffer podjął się namalowania portretu marszałka powiatowego Edwarda Miłkowskiego, właściciela Gorlic. Obraz miał trafić do galerii portretów marszałków Rady Powiatowej w Gorlicach. Malowanie obrazu trwało ponad 3 tygodnie i zostało dokładnie zrelacjonowane przez malarza w listach do żony Jadwigi. Okazały portret Miłkowskiego Mehoffer wystawił w tym samym roku na dorocznej wystawie Towarzystwa Artystów Polskich „Sztuka” w Krakowie. Wówczas to Artysta sporządził też dla siebie replikę (kopię autorską) portretu Miłkowskiego. Oryginał zawisnął w sali obrad Rady Powiatowej w Gorlicach, zaś replika była pokazywana przez Mehoffera na wystawach sztuki (Wiedeń 1908; Kraków 1964). W jesieni 1920 roku gorlicki portret Miłkowskiego został na tyle poważnie uszkodzony w pożarze, że nie sposób już było go zrestaurować i dzieło zostało bezpowrotnie utracone. Pozostała kopia autorska Mehoffera, pokazana na wystawie krakowskiego Muzeum Narodowego w 1964 roku, którą następnie Zbigniew Mehoffer, syn Artysty, sprzedał w roku 1970 do zbiorów Kunsthistorisches Museum w Wiedniu.
Autor artykułu próbuje rozwikłać skomplikowane losy portretu Edwarda Miłkowskiego oraz jego kopii autorskiej, wykorzystując nieznane źródła archiwalne, pozyskane w szerokiej kwerendzie badawczej.

In August 1905, Józef Mehoffer undertook to paint a portrait of the district marshal Edward Miłkowski, the owner of Gorlice. The painting was to be included in the gallery of portraits of county council marshals in Gorlice. The painting process lasted more than three weeks and was carefully recounted by the painter in his letters to his wife Jadwiga. Mehoffer exhibited the magnificent portrait of Miłkowski the same year at the annual exhibition of the Society of Polish Artists “Sztuka” in Kraków. At the time, the Artist also made a replica (author’s copy) of Miłkowski’s portrait for himself. The original hung in the meeting room of the District Council in Gorlice, while the replica was shown by Mehoffer at art exhibitions (Vienna 1908; Kraków 1964). In the autumn of 1920, Miłkowski’s portrait from Gorlice was so badly damaged in a fire that it could no longer be restored and the work was irretrievably lost. What remained was Mehoffer’s own copy, shown at an exhibition at Krakow’s National Museum in 1964, which Zbigniew Mehoffer, the artist’s son, later sold in 1970 to the collection of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.
The author of this paper attempts to unravel the complicated fate of the portrait of Edward Miłkowski and its author’s copy, using unknown archival sources acquired through extensive research queries.

Les Actes du colloque « forêt refuge » feront l' objet, fin 2017, de la publication d'un nouveau livre du GHFF aux Éditions L'Harmattan. Le présent Cahier du GHFF Forêt, Environnement et Société porte trace des deux autres sessions. « Forêts, arts et culture : l' épreuve des sens », le thème de notre journée d' études de janvier 2016 était inhabituel, il nous est apparu incontournable tant il est essentiel, si l' on veut développer une politique forestière ambitieuse et la faire largement partager, de mieux cerner tout ce qui met l'âme au coeur de la forêt. Et, dans les territoires des Hauts-de-France où nous conduisait notre troisième édition « Le temps des territoires », quels visages peut prendre cette politique forestière dans ce « Pays noir », quelle place peut-elle donner au reboisement et à la trame verte ? Voilà donc le contenu de notre Cahier n° 27 qui, comme les précédents, est édité par l'ONF que nous remercions pour son précieux concours. Nous vous en souhaitons bonne lecture, et si celle-ci vous a intéressé, nous ne saurions trop vous suggérer de vous rapprocher du GHFF pour que, forte de nouveaux membres et de nouveaux regards, notre association puisse développer plus encore ses travaux et aider ainsi à mieux connaître le passé des forêts, mieux en comprendre le présent, mieux en préparer l'avenir.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

The study analyses the intertwining of land-use, modernisation, scientific knowledge and nationalism through the example of forestry in Hungary.
Between the 1860s and the outbreak of the First World War, professional forestry was linked to nationalism by two issues. On the one hand, there was the emergence of a Hungarian-speaking professional with the development of Hungarian as a professional language on the top of their agenda. The other reason for the encounter of nationalism and forestry was that many centres of forestry were outside the Hungarian-speaking area.
In this paper, the contrasts between the management of the local population and the Hungarian state’s programmatic pursuit of modernisation are outlined in the context of the vision of the professionals sent to investigate the flood disasters of the southern region in the 1910s. The motives behind the attitude of foresters towards nationalism and the spectrum of these attitudes are then captured by describing the milieu of higher professional education and the role of the National Forestry Association (= OEE). The efforts of the OEE to develop a Hungarian forestry language and the relation-ship of the Academy of Forestry at Selmecbánya to Magyarization high light the complex relationship between professional and national identity.

By considering the expansion of the timber trade in southeast Europe as a resource frontier, this article explores the relationships between the transformation of the technical and material conditions of forest exploitation and the development of its labour force. Previous studies have identified the period from about 1880 to 1914 as the last phase of the European timber frontier, with new areas of virgin forest being integrated into the European market. During this period, the arrival of foreign industrialists led to a radical transformation of working conditions, both in terms of quantity and quality. A study of the migration process shows that workers from Austria-Hungary provided a reservoir of labour. A thorough analysis of working and living conditions also helps to understand how migrant labour was necessary to keep costs low enough to maintain the profits of large timber companies. Finally, this study contributes to our knowledge of labour issues in the context of the expanding resource frontiers of the late nineteenth century.

Nova de Lisboa, por serem as instituições que me permitiram realizar o estágio e o mestrado. À Teresa Amaral e ao Luís Gouveia Monteiro, pela orientação no estágio e na elaboração do presente relatório. À Jacinta Barreto, por ter acreditado neste desconhecido e por me ter ajudado e orientado diariamente. À Ângela Sequeira e ao Márcio Laranjeira, minha equipa de realização, por toda a confiança e paciência depositada neste novato. Às equipas de guarda-roupa, caracterização e produção, com as quais trabalhei de perto, pelo apoio e colaboração. Ao Fernando Vendrell e a toda a restante equipa e elenco da série Três Mulheres, por esta série incrivelmente especial. Aos meus melhores amigos, que sabem quem são, pela amizade e por ouvirem os meus devaneios. Aos meus pais José e Maria do Céu, à minha tia Adelina e à minha avó Adília, por me permitirem viver os meus sonhos. O panorama atual do sistema televisivo em Portugal é pautado pela forte competição entre canais generalistas, um fenómeno que culmina numa grelha de programação focada em programas de ficção e entretenimento, nomeadamente séries e telenovelas portuguesas e brasileiras. Numa tentativa de identificar um elemento diferenciador na programação entre canais, o presente trabalho considera as séries de época e procura averiguar se tais conteúdos são relembrados entre a audiência. Posteriormente, é apresentado o relatório de estágio curricular desenvolvido na produtora audiovisual David & Golias, durante a produção da série de época Três Mulheres (2018).

Στο άρθρο εξετάζεται η παραδοσιακή μελισσοκομία που ασκείτο στην Αττική από τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες του 17ου αιώνα έως τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες του 20ού αιώνα, οπότε η παραδοσιακή μελισσοκομία εγκαταλείφθηκε παραχωρώντας τη θέση της στη σύγχρονη και τη χρήση της πλαισιοκυψέλης. Η παραδοσιακή μελισσοκομία στην Αττική, παρά τη μεγάλη της ανάπτυξη, αποτελούσε συμπληρωματικό επάγγελμα και ασκείτο τόσο στατικά, όσο και νομαδικά. Στη στατική μελισσοκομία χρησιμοποιείτο κυρίως μια ανάστομη πλεκτή κυψέλη κινητής κηρήθρας, ενώ στη νομαδική ένα επίστομο μελισσοκόφινο με κατά το μάλλον ή ήττον επίπεδη οροφή. Μετακινήσεις μελισσιών πραγματοποιούνταν από το Θριάσιο στο Αθηναϊκό Πεδίο και σπανιότερα περί την αποξηραμένη σήμερα Λίμνη Κωπαΐδα και από τη βορειοδυτική Αττική στην περιοχή των Θηβών, την Κωπαΐδα και την περιοχή του Όρους Κανδήλι στην Εύβοια.  Το άρθρο, πέραν φυσικά της υφιστάμενης σχετικής λαογραφικής και μελισσοκομικής βιβλιογραφίας, βασίζεται στις αναφορές ξένων περιηγητών που επισκέφθηκαν την Αττική κατά τους τελευταίους αιώνες της οθωμανικής κυριαρχίας και σε επιτόπια έρευνα που πραγματοποίησε ο συγγραφέας.

Anglophone elites around the Atlantic World developed a deep appreciation for the fortified wines of Madeira. By the late eighteenth century, madeira wine constituted an important luxury good whose purchase signaled taste, refinement, esoteric knowledge, and affluence. In other words, collecting and consuming madeira wines functioned as cultural capital in Pierre Bourdieu's sense. A second concept from food history applies to social beverages like wine: commensality. Commensality may be defined as the act of

nos recherches nous ont amené à consulter un ensemble de lettres, conservées au sein du siège politique ayant appartenu aux Montmorency jusqu'en 1632 1 . Cet ensemble est le dernier d'une longue série d'archives consacrées au domaine forestier et était intitulé « bornage de 1571 » 2 . La forêt est un atout indéniable de la seigneurie de Chantilly, elle procure richesse et pouvoir. Elle s'intègre dans un ensemble plus vaste de possessions de la famille en arc de cercle allant de la forêt de Montmorency jusqu'au domaine de Fère-en-Tardenois 3 . Peut-être plus que les autres possessions de la famille, le domaine forestier sis autour de Chantilly fait l'objet d'une politique systématique d'agrandissement et de mise en coupe réglée au détriment des seigneurs voisins des Montmorency depuis que Guillaume de Montmorency a hérité de la seigneurie en 1484 4 . Ces agrandissements mais aussi la position de seigneur gruyer pour le domaine de Chantilly ainsi que la richesse de cet espace tant en terme de gibierla chasse étant un des symboles de la nature particulière du noble sur le vilque de qualité des bois plantés en fait un lieu sous tension, objet des soins du personnel ducal et de la Connétable 5 . Globalement, ces papiers ducaux conservent le souvenir de tous les actes administratifs touchant la forêt et la gruerie de Chantilly, des différentes reconnaissances de dettes entre la Connétable et ses officiers forestiers aux actes de nomination des nouveaux officiers ou aux problèmes de bornage. La forêt est le fruit d'enjeux forts sous l'Ancien Régime 6 . C'est un espace flou, lieu de nombreuses transgressions (Muchembled, 1988, Cabantous, 2009), les contes populaires, tels ceux de Perrault, ne nous racontent pas autre chose (Perrault, 1697) 7 . Mais au quotidien, c'est surtout un espace recherché, convoité, que chacun désire utiliser, ponctionner, posséder (Devèze, 1961, Corvol, 1987). Indubitablement lucratif, il est au coeur d'âpres luttes de pouvoir, rendant ces opérations de bornage toujours tendues, voire périlleuses. 1 Bibliothèque et Archives du Château de Chantilly [désormais BACC) : 1-B-024. Il s'agit d'un ensemble de 13 pièces rédigées au cours de l'année 1571 et rassemblées en liasse. Nous avons conservé leur ordre de conservation au sein du carton pour les numéroter de 1 à 13 sous le nom d'archives.

Il seminario si propone un confronto tra le ricerche dedicate a ricostruire le dinamiche socio-economiche relative all’amministrazione e alle pratiche forestali della Val di Fiemme nel periodo compreso tra la fine dell’700 e il ‘900. Sarà l’occasione per fornire una panoramica dello stato dell’arte della storia economica, sociale e ambientale delle Alpi, con alcuni approfondimenti su ricerche che riguardano le risorse naturali e i domini collettivi in corso nella nostra regione.

In collaborazione con il Progetto Prin 2022 – “Valorising rural commons for a greener and fairer society. Insights from Southern and Northern Italy” e con il  Progetto Prin 2022  “Bridging geography and history of woodlands: analysing mountain wooded landscapes through multiple sources and historical GIS” dell’Università di Trento.

The "pasture with scattered trees or wooded grasslands" system are traditional land management method that preserves valuable trees, such as fruitbearing species, on agricultural lands. These trees thrive due to direct sunlight and space, leading to broad, symmetrical crowns. Animals benefit from the trees' shade, while their presence helps fertilize the soil. The trees also contribute to biodiversity, enhancing the agricultural landscape's ecological balance. This system has historical significance in regions like Transylvania, where village laws in the 17 th a n d 1 8 th centuries protected fruit trees. Despite its benefits, traditional landscapes like these are increasingly threatened by modern agricultural practices that favor land homogenization and intensive farming, neglecting the environmental and cultural values provided by scattered trees. Efforts to conserve these landscapes involve engaging local communities, promoting sustainable grazing practices, and recognizing the cultural significance of ancient trees. Pastures with scattered trees offer natural, economic, and aesthetic benefits, providing a sustainable model of land management that balances agriculture and environmental protection. However, challenges include changes in land use and policies that discourage tree preservation, threatening the resilience of these landscapes and their socio-ecological systems.

ámbito hispano una serie de obras seminales que sentarían las bases para una posterior profundización en estos temas . A partir de ellas, se ha avanzado mucho en el conocimiento de la historia forestal, sobre todo, en lo referido a su estrecha relación con la de la Real Armada española. Sin ir más lejos, se han incorporado nuevas perspectivas al debate historiográfico, destacando en este sentido las aportaciones procedentes de la geografía histórica y la historia jurídica, sobre todo, después de que la ecología histórica iniciase las discusiones más interesantes, en las décadas de 1980. En el propio marco de la disciplina histórica, los historiadores han hecho a su vez aportaciones importantes al tema estos últimos decenios, en particular, desde el ámbito de la historia naval, al profundizar en la relación de los recursos forestales con la industria naval y los arsenales. Uno de esos recientes esfuerzos ha sido protagonizado por el proyecto ForSeaDiscovery, cuyos resultados han pretendido, gracias al diálogo establecido entre disciplinas como la arqueología, la dendrocronología y la historia, mostrar cuál fue en la Península Ibérica el impacto que la presión de las actividades humanas ejercieron sobre los bosques, cómo éstos fueron utilizados por administraciones y políticas de estado que no tenían en cuenta criterios ambientales 1 . En su origen, los estudios históricos en torno al bosque procedieron a analizar, sin más, la legislación existente, si bien, recientemente, los investigadores han tratado de averiguar cuál habría sido la eficacia de la aplicación de esa legislación, a través del manejo sistemático de documentación judicial y administrativa. Así, se ha puesto de manifiesto que la legislación forestal promovida y aplicada por la Monarquía Hispánica tuvo un desigual éxito: las ordenanzas establecidas en tiempos de los Austrias parece que fueron eficaces en cuanto a la preservación y gestión del monte, al menos en lo que al Cantábrico se refiere, al permitir que en el siglo XVIII existiese allí una riqueza forestal envidiable para el resto de las potencias europeas. Por el contrario, la Real Ordenanza de 1748 fue un fracaso absoluto, pues únicamente estuvo en vigor durante el mandato de su promotor, el Marqués de la Ensenada. Al respecto, la historia jurídica ha abierto una línea de investigación sobre el origen de dicha ordenanza que ha dado sorpresas: si tradicionalmente se pensaba que la Ordenanza francesa de Aguas y Bosques establecida en 1669 por Colbert había sido la fuente esencial de inspiración de la ordenanza de 1748, idea repetida una y otra vez de manera acrítica por la historiografía especializada, hoy es puesta en cuestión. Cada vez son más los investigadores que reclaman un origen autóctono para este cuerpo jurídico, que sintetiza en su seno al menos dos siglos de experiencia legislativa y forestal, la cual se

No século XIX amazônico, as embarcações a vapor que navegavam pelos rios da região ainda não utilizavam o diesel como combustível. As cozinhas das residências não conheciam ainda o “gás de cozinha”. Outro item se destacava como gerador de energia para fornalhas e fogões na dinâmica cotidiana: a lenha. A árvore derrubada era cortada em pedaços, entre menores e maiores, e se transformava então em “achas de lenha”. A partir da década de 1850 a lenha se tornava um produto de grande valor para a movimentação a vapor nos rios da Amazônia, assim como era comercializada para cozinhas domésticas ou de instituições e negócios. A lenha mobilizou diversas interações dos humanos entre si e com outros seres não humanos, entre animais e plantas. Indígenas, negros, brancos, cavalos, e maçarandubas aparecem como personagens na presente Dissertação. Analisando documentos (como jornais, relatórios de presidentes de províncias, relatos de viajantes, desenhos e plantas baixas) foi possível compreender um pouco do complexo cenário que se desenvolvia no Pará e Amazonas em torno desse importante combustível, entre 1850 e 1888. Com foco na produção, comércio e consumo da lenha para vapores e cozinhas, neste trabalho emerge a temática do uso da lenha, o trabalho compulsório na sua produção, a interação com plantas, animais e também o início de uma preocupação com o desflorestamento gerado pela produção de lenha, entre seus usos e representações.

New Brunswick is staring at a crisis in the making. The crisis is economic in nature but, unless it is addressed with a sense of urgency, it may well make New Brunswick increasingly difficult to govern. The province is confronting a host of economic challenges: a structural deficit, an aging population, uncertainty surrounding federal transfers, sluggish economic growth, a highly competitive global economy, and an inability to attract new Canadians. The paper argues that New Brunswick should not waste a crisis and consider doing things that it "could not do before." The paper maintains that the province's academic community has an important role to play in ensuring that New Brunswick does not waste the looming crisis. It is very difficult these days for students of public policy in New Brunswick to strike an optimistic note for the province. About the best one can say is that one ought not to waste a crisis by trying to avoid it. Crisis situations offer possibilities to establish a new policy agenda, restructure long standing policies and programs, and encourage citizens to take a stronger interest in the future of their communities. Given the state of the province's fiscal situation, New Brunswick offers policy makers and citizens the opportunity not to waste a crisis, and we should seize the moment. Indeed, it is no exaggeration to write that the province's public sector cannot be sustained at current levels and that clinging to the status quo can only turn a challenging situation into a full blown financial crisis. In short, the status quo is fraught with both political and economic dangers. The purpose of this paper is to take stock of New Brunswick's political economy. I look to history and to recent developments to make the point that New Brunswick needs an important wrench of the wheel if it is to set a new course. Current circumstances cry out for a new course if we are to avoid economic stagnation, serious tensions between our communities, and losing some of our political and economic powers to outside forces. Stephen Harper has been much maligned in our region for his observation that Atlantic Canada has to overcome its "culture of defeat." What many Maritimers overlooked was that Harper did not point the finger at Atlantic Canadians themselves as the root cause of this culture but, rather, at the workings of Canada's national political institutions. He has a point. History does matter. Canada's national political institutions have not been kind to the Maritime provinces. Residents of Ontario and Quebec do not like to hear this message -they prefer to think that their relative economic success in the past was due to their stronger entrepreneurial spirit, at least when compared with our region. I write this not because I want to paint my region as the whining child of the Canadian federation, but rather to make the point that national political institutions explain to some extent our region's relative underdevelopment. Here, I can do no better than quote Margaret Conrad. She writes: "With the exception of the 1930s, out-migration has been endemic to the region since Confederation, a condition that, had it occurred anywhere else in Canada, would have been a signal for emergency measures to staunch the flow of human capital. If anything gets my dander up, it is the view, implied in many national debates and policies, that sustaining healthy, vibrant communities in Atlantic Canada is less important than it is in Quebec, Ontario or Alberta." 1 She adds that Joseph Howe, the most vocal spokesperson for Nova Scotia's anti-Confederation Movement, could now say: "I told you so." 2 Howe saw that our region would lack the numbers in the House of Commons to shape policies in its interests contrary to Ontario and Quebec.

UID/LIN/03213/2013 PD/BD/113972/2015Within the scope of the TermCork project, we intend to explore the contribution of texts for conceptually based terminological work. Given that texts are vehicles for knowledge transfer, they should be processed according to their original purpose, namely the verbal transmission of knowledge in a context of specialized communication.Going beyond this function implies looking at texts from a different angle. Based on the double dimension of Terminology, this paper targets the analysis of texts for onomasiological ends, focusing on the analysis of intensional and contextual definitions aiming at identifying information and knowledge that will allow us to make lexical maps on the one hand, and conceptual maps on the other. Definitions are thusat the core of this study. The linguistic analysis we undertook over definitions in natural language will demonstrate that different levels of analysis can be performed given the different semantic information c...

In the early 17th century, the French monarchical state requested the clearance of debts incurred during the Wars of Religion. From 1600 to 1640, this vast movement led to the sale of a large number of public lands (commons) in Provence and the southern French Alps resulting in major changes in their use. In regions with the most fragile ecosystems prone to erosion, new owners pushed for the colonization of hills and slopes to settle new emphyteutic farmers. After 1660, live-stock farming collapsed, causing massive losses for upland communities. These environmental changes preceded a severe regional climatic crisis at the end of the century, coinciding with the Maunder minimum. The presentation examines, what respective roles played climatic factors and anthropogenic pressure on the natural environ-ment in this socio-environmental crisis.

Late Quaternary (from the last glaciation to present) forest history is inferred from the Cedarburg Bog fossil pollen record. Analysis of fossil pollen samples extend over 4 meters of continuous core recovered from near the center of the bog. The deepest and oldest of the fossil pollen assemblages (ca. 12,000 years ago) suggest open spruce woodlands unlike any in the contemporary boreal ecosystem. Pollen from the PleistoceneHolocene transition (11,000 years ago) is marked by a number of abrupt changes in forest composition related to rapid climate change, species immigration, and progressive soils and ecosystem maturation. By 9,000 years ago most of the modern forest plant species were established. These mixed deciduous forests persisted until the historical deforestation.

The environmental changes that have occurred on our globe in the last few hundred years affect practically every element of the environment. One of the main elements of this matrix is forest areas. A key aspect of describing the transformation period in forest management is to illustrate the long-term consequences of the environmental changes which humans have caused and continue to cause.The objective of our study is not only to discuss the interactions and changes occurring in the genetic resources of the primary forest-forming species in Polish forests but, more importantly, to demonstrate how past decisions can influence events in the near or distant future. In the context of forest research, it is essential to clarify that the lifespan of a tree has no relation to the lifespan of a human being.This simple fact not only influences the life cycle of individual stands and the mechanisms of timber mass production but, above all, highlights that we are hostage to the decisions (and knowledge) of our ancestors, who managed the forests according to the ideas of the Enlightenment. In this essay, we emphasize an element we believe is underrepresented in the discourse on forest transformations in the 19th and 20th centuries: forest genetic resources, which are fundamental to the resilience and adaptation of managed forests in response to ongoing climate change.

The purpose of this list is to identify the monuments/structures/sites/paths/roads, according to the following cultural heritage themes, that best represent one or more of the respective themes, and that has the best potential to be determined as having 'outstanding universal value' according to UNESCO's criteria. It is important to indicate when the monuments/structures/sites/paths/roads exist as part of a cluster, or series. E' importante che sia segnalato ogni volta se i monumenti, le strutture, i siti, i sentieri,le strade fanno parte di un insieme o di una serie.

Die im ausgehenden 19. Jahrhundert einsetzende Modernisierung der Alpen verlief als ein ambivalenter Transformationsprozess. Der Ausbau von Infrastrukturen band alpine Ressourcen nicht nur in weitreichende Wertschöpfungsketten und Absatzgebiete ein, sondern entzog auch Existenzgrundlagen und verdrängte vormoderne Produktionsweisen. Dieses Heft geht der Frage nach, wie die Modernisierung der Alpen mit einem Ausgreifen und einer Umorientierung von Infrastrukturen einherging, mit denen naturale Ressourcen neu entdeckt, abgetragen, sowie kapitalisiert wurden.

Das Heft vereint fünf Beiträge zur modernen Ressourcengeschichte der Alpen aus den Regionen von vier Alpenländern. Sie verweisen jeweils auf eine naturale Ressource, deren Abbau, Gewinnung oder auch Schutz den Übergang des Einzugsgebiets ins industrielle Zeitalter begleiteten und vorantrieben. Die Geschichte des Alpenbogens gewinnt dadurch an fünf regionalen Fallstudien, die den ambivalenten Entwicklungsprozess der Modernisierung offenlegen, der neben finanziellem Profit und infrastrukturellem Ausbau immer wieder auch mit kulturellen und ökologischen Verlusten sowie mit sozialem Scheitern einherging.

Editorial, p. 9 João José Alves Dias Imagem da capa: Gonçalo Fernandes Trancoso, o escritor e vendedor de trigo, p. 11 Pedro Pinto ESTUDOS O ser humano, fonte de humor na sua identificação (Séculos XIII-XV), p. 21 Iria Gonçalves As capelas quinhentistas do Convento de Avis: Um novo meio de domínio da Ordem e de afirmação das elites locais, p. 81 Maria Ângela Beirante Transcrição do auto de inventário e sequestro do Colégio da Companhia de Jesus no Rio de Janeiro, 1760, p.