Discriminatory Language

Oyun çalışmaları alanında güncelliğini koruyan bir konu olarak toplumsal cinsiyet kavramını merkeze alan önemli çalışmalar mevcuttur. Bu çalışma da dijital oyunlar ve toplumsal cinsiyetin kesişim noktası olarak Türkiye’de beyanı kadın olan oyuncuların oyun kültürü ve oyun toplulukları içerisinde var olan toplumsal cinsiyet algısından ne biçimde etkilendikleri ve oyun oynama, oyuncu olarak oyun toplulukları içerisinde yer alma pratiklerinin bu algı ile ne şekilde biçimlendiğini ortaya koyma amacı taşımaktadır. Dünya çapında istatistiklere bakıldığında oyun oynayan kadınların erkeklere oranı %45 olarak belirlenmektedir (https://www.statista.com/statistics/232383/gender-split-of-us-computer-and-video-gamers/). Oyun sektörüne bakıldığında, sektör içerisinde çalışanların yalnızca %22’sinin kadın olduğu görülmektedir (https://www.statista.com/statistics/453634/gamedeveloper-gender-distribution-worldwide/). Beyanı kadın oyuncuların tek taraflı bir temsil sunan oyunlar içerisinde kendine yer edinmesinin endüstri tarafından zorlaştırılmasının yanı sıra oyun topluluklarının da erkek egemen yapısı dolayısıyla varlık göstermelerinin ve kendilerine yer açmalarının mümkün olmayışı onları farklı bir kimlik oluşturmaya itmektedir. Bu bağlamda kadın oyuncuların yaşadıkları bu dışlanma sonucu varlıklarını ne şekilde kurgulayabildikleri araştırmaya değer görünmektedir. Bu makalede çevrimiçi oyunlar oynamayı tercih eden, beyanı kadın olan oyuncular arasından seçilmiş olan 8 kişi ile yarı yapılandırılmış derinlemesine görüşme yapılmıştır. Bu soruların cevapları aranmış ve ortaya çıkan veriler ile literatürdeki kadın oyuncuların oyun pratikleri kıyaslanarak ve oyuncu kitlesinin %45’ini oluşturan kadın oyuncuların kendi varlıklarını ne şekillerde ve ne nedenlerle gizledikleri ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Kullanılan yöntem ile ortaya konan veriler literatür içerisinde kadın oyuncuların toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğine ne şekilde maruz kaldıklarını ve bunun sonucunda oyun kültürü içerisinde hangi noktada olduklarını göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Değerlendirme: Bu makalenin ön incelemesi iki iç hakem (editörler-yayın kurulu üyeleri) içerik incelemesi ise iki dış hakem tarafından çift taraflı kör hakemlik modeliyle incelendi. Benzerlik taraması yapılarak (Turnitin) intihal içermediği teyit edildi. Etik Beyan: Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulduğu ve yararlanılan tüm çalışmaların kaynakçada belirtildiği beyan olunur. Yapay Zeka Etik Beyanı: Yazarlar bu makalenin hazırlanma sürecinin hiç bir aşamasında yapay zekadan faydalanılmadığını; bu konuda tüm sorumluluğun kendisine(kendilerine) ait olduğunu beyan etmektedir.

Yeni medya kavramı altında yer alan çeşitli kullanım alanlarının artışı, dijitalleşmenin ivme kazanmasına neden olmuştur. Gelişen teknolojinin etkisiyle üretilen, paylaşılan ve tüketilen içerikler, genel olarak dijital medya platformlarında yoğunlaşmıştır. Böylelikle iletişim, bilgi akışı ve kültürel etkileşimde medya, insan hayatının vazgeçilmez bir parçası olmuştur. Bununla beraber son yıllarda hızlı bir gelişim gösteren dijital oyunlarda medya kavramı altında modern dünyanın ilgi gören iletişimini, kültürünü ve eğlence anlayışını aktaran bir araç olmuştur. Günümüzde dijital oyunlar, sosyal, kültürel, ekonomik ve ideolojik açılardan oldukça etkili bir güç hâline gelmiştir. Bu etkinin temelinde, oyunların kültürel unsurları ve toplumsal normları etkileyebilecekleri, aynı zamanda bir platform hâline gelerek oyunculara karşılıklı bir deneyim ve etkileşim alanı sunabilecekleri gerçeği yatmaktadır. Dijital oyunların geniş erişim kapasitesi, din, dil, ırk ve kültür yönünden aynı veya farklı noktada buluşan milyonlarca insana ulaşabilme ve dijital ortamda bir araya getirme imkânı sunar. Bu deneyim ve etkileşim alanı içinde ise oyuncular, farklı kültürleri tanıma ve tarihî hadiseleri keşfetme şansı bulmaktadırlar. Bu nedenle dijital oyunlar, kültürel etkileşimi sağlayan bir öğrenme aracı olarak da işlev görürler. Ancak dijital oyunlar sadece kültürel etkileşimi sağlamakla kalmaz, oyuncularını farklı düşünce tarzlarına maruz bırakarak eğlence yoluyla (oyun içi hikâyelerle, karakterle, çeşitli söylem ve sembollerle) ideolojik mesajları iletmek veya belirli bir dünya görüşünü desteklemek amacıyla da kullanılabilirler. Dijital oyunların propaganda aracı olarak kullanılma potansiyelleri yüksektir. Propaganda herhangi bir ideolojiyi, politik görüşü ya da kültürel mesajı yayma amacı güder ve dijital oyunların etkileşimli, hareketli ve sürükleyici doğası, bu mesajların her yaştan insana iletilmesini kolaylaştırmaktadır. Özellikle dijital oyunların anlatı yapıları, anlatıya bağlı olarak oyuncuyu hikâyeye dahil etmeleri, ödül veya ceza yoluyla istenilenin yapılması, karakter gelişimleri ve görsel-işitsel öğeleri, oyuncuları duygusal ve zihinsel yönden etkileyebilmektedir. Makalede, oyun kültürü ve propagandanın dijital oyunlara nasıl aktarıldığı ve bu iki unsurun birbirini nasıl etkilediği çeşitli dijital oyunlar üzerinden ele alınmış, dijital oyunların boş zamanı değerlendirmenin veya bir eğlence unsuru olmanın ötesine geçerek hem kültürel hem de siyasal bir etkileşim aracı olarak işlev gördüğü sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Öz: Norbert Elias realiteyi ve toplumsal ilişkileri açıklarken oyun modellerinden faydalanmıştır. Elias'a göre realite oyunlar üzerinden daha kolay açıklanabilmekte ve anlaşılabilmektedir. Oyunlar sadece realiteyi izah etmemekte aynı zamanda onun sahnelendiği ‚yer‛ olarak da görev almaktadır. Tarih boyunca gerçek yaşam biçimleri doğal olarak oyunlara aktarılmakta yani realite oyuna hâkim olmakta ve onu şekillendirmektedir. Günümüz dijital çağında ise oyunların gelişmesi ve popülerleşmesi neticesinde bu etkinin bir karşılıklılık boyutu kazandığı öne sürülebilmekte ve artık oyunların da realiteye yansımasından söz edilebilmektedir. Dijital oyunların realite ile olan ilişkisini konu edinen bu çalışmanın amacı oyunların realiteye yansımasını sorgulamaktır. Yöntem olarak süreç sosyolojisine dayanan bu araştırmanın temel hipotezi, oyunların realite ile karşılıklı etkileşim içinde olduğu yönündedir. Bu karşılıklı etkileşim, oyunlarda İslami sembollerin yansıması özelinde incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, şiddet içerikli bazı dijital oyunların İslami sembollere çifte şiddet uyguladığı ve oyunlardaki şiddetin de realiteye aktarıldığını göstermektedir. Bu noktada, Yeni Zelanda'da Müslümanlar aleyhine gerçekleşen son terör eylemi (2019), etkileşimin bir sonucu olarak çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir.

The money has been gaining more and more importance day by day in modern period. According to Simmel, money in modern society has an effect on the individual and society in terms of individualization, objectification and alienation. Individuals cause to the individualization in society by interacting with each other in terms of their own interests for the sake of money. Money becomes objectified by appearing as a means to fulfill the ends of individuals. And also, individuals become estranged to their essence and what society's adopts for the sake of money. In this study, the effect of money on the interaction of the player characters with each other in the series of Squid Game had a large audience in a short time on the Netflix platform is discussed by associating it with Simmel's thoughts in the Philosophy of Money. The method of the study is deductive and analyzed with content and discourse analysis, cinematographic analysis method is used. In this study, it is concluded that there is a relationship between the concepts of individuaiton, objectificatin and alienation mentioned by Simmel in his Philosophy of Money and the interaction of the player characters in the series with

Language shapes our understanding of animals and can influence social attitudes and behaviors toward them. Despite the progress in animal welfare, the English language continues to perpetuate prejudice against animals that can justify violence against them. To combat linguistic speciesism and promote non-discriminatory language, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) proposed animal-friendly alternatives to replace speciesist idioms. Examples of these alternatives include feed two birds with one scone and bring home the bagels, suggested instead of kill two birds with one stone and bring home the bacon. This study uses linguistic and critical discourse analyses to examine the corpus of 166 words and phrases comprising original and animal-friendly idioms. The study objective is to assess the potential of PETA’s alternative expressions to replace discriminatory language. The paper argues that while some animal-friendly alternatives might gain public acceptance, others may be too unfamiliar or contrived to be widely adopted. Additionally, these expressions could backfire and undermine the animal rights movement by making it appear radical or out-of-touch. Despite the limitations, PETA’s campaign has the potential to raise awareness about speciesism in the English language and promote non-discriminatory language use in applied linguistics, especially among young learners and non-native English speakers.

This contribution discusses some of the insights of Lizzie Seal's book Women, Murder and Femininity, with particular attention to the implications of gender prejudices and stereotypes in trials against women accused of unusual murders and the role of sexist and discriminatory language in the construction of female killers as deviant personalities

In this study, the forms of development and dissemination of hate speech and discriminatory language in digital online games have been discussed as an issue that we face in many aspects of daily life and that threatens the culture of social coexistence. The aim of the study is to identify forms of hate speech and discriminatory language created by users in digital online games, and to highlight the role of these games in spreading and normalizing hate speech and discriminatory language. Agar.io, one of the MMOG (massively multiplayer online games) games, was selected as the sample in the study. The Agar.io game was analyzed over an eight-week period in relation to hate speech and discriminatory language. Content analysis was used to analyze the data gathered through participatory evaluation and reached at the conclusion that online digital games have a significant influence in the creation and dissemination of hate speech and discriminatory language. It was determined that the game selected as a sample was not played by the players for entertainment and spending free time purposes only; it was determined that the players transformed the game into an environment where they created and spread hate speech and discriminatory language. As a result of the study, all forms of hate speech and discrimination were found in both avatar names and avatar images, including political / ideological, homophobic, xenophobic, racist and sexist forms. It has also been found that players use digital games online as a social media environment, aim to send personal messages for specific reasons, and digital games have developed into a new kind of social media environment and are often used for various purposes, such as propaganda and advertisement.

In this study, the forms of development and dissemination of hate speech and discriminatory language in digital online games have been discussed as an issue that we face in many aspects of daily life and that threatens the culture of social coexistence. The aim of the study is to identify forms of hate speech and discriminatory language created by users in digital online games, and to highlight the role of these games in spreading and normalizing hate speech and discriminatory language. Agar.io, one of the MMOG (massively multiplayer online games) games, was selected as the sample in the study. The Agar.io game was analyzed over an eight-week period in relation to hate speech and discriminatory language. Content analysis was used to analyze the data gathered through participatory evaluation and reached at the conclusion that online digital games have a significant influence in the creation and dissemination of hate speech and discriminatory language. It was determined that the game selected as a sample was not played by the players for entertainment and spending free time purposes only; it was determined that the players transformed the game into an environment where they created and spread hate speech and discriminatory language. As a result of the study, all forms of hate speech and discrimination were found in both avatar names and avatar images, including political / ideological, homophobic, xenophobic, racist and sexist forms. It has also been found that players use digital games online as a social media environment, aim to send personal messages for specific reasons, and digital games have developed into a new kind of social media environment and are often used for various purposes, such as propaganda and advertisement.

In this study, the forms of development and dissemination of hate speech and discriminatory language in digital online games have been discussed as an issue that we face in many aspects of daily life and that threatens the culture of social coexistence. The aim of the study is to identify forms of hate speech and discriminatory language created by users in digital online games, and to highlight the role of these games in spreading and normalizing hate speech and discriminatory language. Agar.io, one of the MMOG (massively multiplayer online games) games, was selected as the sample in the study. The Agar.io game was analyzed over an eight-week period in relation to hate speech and discriminatory language. Content analysis was used to analyze the data gathered through participatory evaluation and reached at the conclusion that online digital games have a significant influence in the creation and dissemination of hate speech and discriminatory language. It was determined that the game selected as a sample was not played by the players for entertainment and spending free time purposes only; it was determined that the players transformed the game into an environment where they created and spread hate speech and discriminatory language. As a result of the study, all forms of hate speech and discrimination were found in both avatar names and avatar images, including political / ideological, homophobic, xenophobic, racist and sexist forms. It has also been found that players use digital games online as a social media environment, aim to send personal messages for specific reasons, and digital games have developed into a new kind of social media environment and are often used for various purposes, such as propaganda and advertisement.

Hate speech and the use of discriminatory language, which is one of the world's major social issues, are becoming highly apparent in society. However, this exposure will not contribute to the creation or social abandonment of a collective consciousness that will alter the current situation, nor does it contribute to further normalization, banality, propagation and more social tolerance of hate speech and discriminatory language. Today, where technological advances are rapidly evolving and mobile devices are becoming an integral part of daily life, the content generated and distributed over the internet often negatively supports this cycle. From video sharing sites to social media networks, from blog sites to digital games, environments where hate speech and racist language have been created and distributed in an uncontrolled manner. Digital games, one of the common types of entertainment in modern life, are content where there is extensive use of hate speech and discriminatory language. Hate speech and discriminatory language in digital games are becoming normal and acceptable in relation to gaming and entertainment, making it easier to conceal. Therefore, digital games can be said to play a major role in the learning and normalization of hate and discrimination, particularly as digital games are considered to have an important place in the learning and socialization cycle of children and young people. Looking at the academic literature on digital games, which has become the focus of academic circles in recent years, we can see that there is a wide range of current studies. The multidisciplinary nature of game research is also increasing diversity. Within this framework, a number of researchers from different disciplines, from economists to litterateurs, have studied the games (Salen ve Zimmerman, 2004, p. 72). These studies range from consumer behavior of players to gender representation in games, from digital game history to game narratives, from visual to character design in games, to social and psychological effects of digital games. Games are also dealt with in studies of the social and psychological impact of digital games through harmful effects such as addiction (Uysal, 2017; Yalçın Irmak and Erdoğan, 2016), aggressive behavior and desensitization to violence (Adachi and Willoughby, 2011; Gentile et al ,2004; Greitemeyer, 2018), loss of academic performance (Anand, 2007; Wallenius et al, 2009), mental illness (Poppelaars et al, 2018; Valadez and Ferguson, 2012) and antisocial personality (Kowert el al, 2014). Furthermore, the discriminatory language and hate content used in digital games and the negative effects of such content can often be overlooked. However, the production and consumption of digital games often involve discriminatory language and hate content. While the elements used in the script and visual designs of the games reproduce sexist, homophobic, xenophobic, militaristic and racist dominant values, players are involved in this reproduction process by sharing in-game audio, visual and text content, user and avatar names of their choice, avatar images. In this study, the forms of production and distribution of hate speech and discriminatory language in online digital games were discussed as a problem that we face in many areas of everyday life and which undermines the culture of social coexistence. The aim of the study is to identify the forms of hate speech and discriminatory language produced by users in online digital games, and to draw attention to the role of these games in the spread and normalization of hate speech and discriminatory language. Agar.io, one of the MMOG (massive online multiplayer) games, was selected as the sample in the study. Agar.io game was analyzed in eight-week duration from 20.05.2019 to 14.07.2019, with random entries made on three days on weekdays and at set time intervals, for a total of 15 minutes per day. A preliminary analysis was performed one week before the evaluation period to determine the time periods at which the number of players in the game is high, in order to determine the time zones where the number of players in the game is lowest. As a result of the preliminary investigation it was determined to investigate the time interval between 12:00-17:00 where the highest attendance was. The study investigated the names of avatars and avatar images used as unit of analysis by players. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. The study of Binark and Çomu (2012) was used to categorize these data and evaluated the categories “political hate speech, hate speech against foreigners and immigrants, hate speech against women, hate speech based on religious belief and sectarian, hate speech based on sexual identity, hate speech against the disabled and various diseases”. In addition to these categories, the title ‘hate speech based on racism and ethnic identity’ was added in line with the need and a total of 7 categories were reviewed. As a result of the examination, it was determined that 87% of the Agar.io players tried to emphasize the political, social, cultural, etc. values they felt belonging to and express themselves within this framework. Avatar names and images were often seen to be dominated by nationalist and male-dominated rhetoric. It was found that 58% of players who were concerned about posting via their avatars shared messages with hate speech and/or discriminatory language content. Consequently, the intention of messaging in these games, combined with in-game competitiveness, is embroiled in deliberate or accidental hate speech and/or discriminatory language, which is therefore subject to It was concluded that the discourses became a normal form of everyday language and became commonplace, normalized by constant consideration and social acceptance. It has been observed that players who choose similar political, religious, cultural, etc. names of avatars due to feelings like belonging to a community, being together, playing with each other in teams and finding other players with opposing views as the primary goal. There have been some findings in the case of Agar.io, that MMOG-type games are increasingly turning into a new type of social media environment. Avatar names and images have been found to be used in parallel with social media usage purposes, similar to tweets, DMs, stories, situations and posts in various social media platforms. Games of this kind are played not only for gaming and entertainment purposes, but also for competing, taunting, propaganda, advertising, sending social messages, being with like-and fighting against opposing views, and are being used as new social media influenced by the national agenda. The possibility of being able to participate fully anonymously in the game, and the feeling of being away from control and supervision, is thought to encourage players to produce and share messages that are illegal. In order to minimize such illegality and excesses, the requirement to verify / associate all online games with at least one e-mail account and at least one social media account or mobile phone number is presented as a solution for technical determination, which must be assessed both for providing players with self-control and for accessing players where necessary. The fact that hate speech and discriminatory language are a social problem alongside digital games also makes it necessary for solutions to be addressed from a wider perspective and for structural solutions to be introduced. For this reason, holistic measures should be taken to inform and raise awareness of hate speech and discriminatory language in the social life of individuals.