British History

El empirismo inglés de Hobbes, Locke y Hume, entre otros, fue una revolución epistemológica cuyo impacto trascendió la teoría del conocimiento hasta alcanzar la filosofía y práctica política. Así, el subjetivismo del empirismo socavó los fundamentos del Antiguo Régimen pues la verdad política dejó de residir en la única visión del monarca y el poder religioso, al pasar a ser soberanía de los parlamentarios: la verdad devino un consenso derivado del conjunto de experiencias y percepciones que los parlamentarios recogían en sus asambleas. El presente artículo pretende demostrar cómo la teoría del conocimiento de John Locke fue el origen de su filosofía política y como ésta planteó dudas y ofreció respuestas que fueron finalmente implementadas en el cuerpo legal inglés.

This article builds upon ecodramaturgy, which generates lines of flight from anthropocentric perspectives, as its foundation in ecological reciprocity renders it a particularly effective tool in reshaping humanity's attitude to the more-than-human worlds. The article argues that ecodramaturgy offers a visceral way to present and affirm non-hierarchical relationships between humans and nonhumans, paying particular attention to Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari's notion of the 'rhizome.' By making use of the relatively new frameworks on ecology and theatre, the article traces the rhizomatic connections in Caryl Churchill's Far Away, thus offering fresh considerations to blur the distinctions between different life forms. The primary argument of the article is that the rhizomatic entanglement between human and nonhuman characters in Far Away provides a non-hierarchical dramatic assemblage in which all life forms are interconnected with each other, embracing multiplicity and heterogeneity. Thus, the article concludes with a discussion of how the rhizomatic reconsideration of the human-nonhuman relationship in a dramatic text can negotiate and reconstruct our material embeddedness in the more-than-human worlds.

A method is presented for establishing the relative economic positions of archaeological assemblages. Scales of economic means are independently derived from the archival and archaeological records of the Red River Settlement between 1830 and 1870 and are then tested for consistency of ranking. The results indicate that relative economic position can be observed on the basis of ceramic artifact assemblages alone, the beef cut results are not sufficiently robust, but a broader approach to faunal assemblages provides meaningful results. Persons or groups that are normally overlooked in historical documents , and sites or assemblages for which no written records exist, can then be included in discussions of economic variability on the basis of their ceramic assemblages. Such discussion leads to the possibility of establishing links between economic and social variability.

26 Years a Slave represents the inaugural book-length study of the little-known “Spanish Negroes,” or non-white Spanish-speaking sailors enslaved in colonial North America. Bringing to light their history of slavery and resistance, the book tells the incredible story of the free-born Juan Miranda. Enslaved in New York, Miranda fights an arduous legal battle to win his freedom. His attorney, William Kempe, makes a strong case for his rights and against slavery based on skin color. This well-illustrated account touches on legal history, the War of Jenkins’ Ear, and the so-called “Slave Plot” of 1741. "26 Years a Slave" is not just a translation of the critically acclaimed publication "26 años de esclavitud," but a revised and enriched version, containing a selection of additional case studies.

This article examines seventeenth-and eighteenth-century Quaker methods ofBiblical interpreta tion, compa1ing them to Puritan and Spiritualist methods. The focus is on verses from the Pauline epistle to the Colossians frequently cited by early Quakers. In contrast to John Calvin and foqr seventeenth-century Puritan Biblical commentators, but similar to seventeenth-century Spi1itualists such as William Erbery, Quakers argued strongly for a form of mystical universalism closely akin to Arminianism in their interpretation of this epistle. Quakers (especially John Woolman) resembled medieval Catholics in their willingness to interpret Col. 1.24 to assert that Christ's 'mystical' body, which could include contempora1y Ch1istians, was somehow involved in the redemption of humanity. Early Quakers tended to reserve the eschatological promise of the 'hope of glo1y' in Col. 1.27 for those who had folly experienced redemption, or 'convincement'. Quakers and Puritans resembled each other in their arguments for a spiritualist interpretation of Col. 2.14-17, and both, somewhat inconsistently, tempered spiritualist principles with pragmatic acceptance of certain out ward ecclesiastical practices in their attempts to preserve church order.

I SHALL START BY MAKING A STATEMENT that could not be more banal: the second half of the eighteenth century, in Britain and Germany alike, was a time when things began to be in flux. Reform, improvement, transformation these are the terms in which historians frequently try to capture the spirit of the times. Of course, there is also another school of historiography, the one which subsumes conditions of the later eighteenth century under the category ancien rkgirne. Since Jonathan Clark, this heuristic concept has even been applied to conditions in Britain.' None the less, the fact remains that the majority of historians see the period after the Seven Years War in particular as a period of change. Yet when they describe this change in Germany and Britain, they concentrate on very different things. Those who deal with Germany look at, for example, Frederick the Great, Joseph 11, and the problem of enlightened absolutism. Those who deal with England write, among other things, about...

The relationship between the state and the voluntary sector has changed significantly since 1948 when Beveridge's major report, Voluntary Action, was first published. Sixty years later, a group of historians analyse and reassess the impact of Beveridge's ideas about voluntary action ...

This paper explores the silent chains of neo-colonialism and its psychological toll on the modern African man through the lens of proverbial wisdom, poetic consciousness, and satirical narrative. Using Ghana as a primary canvas, it unpacks how sovereignty has been symbolically upheld but structurally surrendered, and how man, in his quest for survival, often becomes both prisoner and warden. The paper blends literary cadence with political analysis to illuminate the contradictions of postcolonial freedom and the masks worn by men in the corridors of power.

Bill de Ropp's work in Germany with Rosenberg  - Growth of Luftwaffe - Preparations for Munich Agreement September 1938  - British Foreign Office v Air Ministry view - Knowledge of Molotov -Ribbentrop before August 1939
Bill's wife Jimmy's intelligence
Zinoviev Letter 1924 and Labour Party -  Harold Wilson -
Help for Jews up to 1939

[ES] Los temas escatológicos, que son la muerte, el juicio, el infierno y la gloria, tuvieron gran presencia en las artes plásticas durante el Virreinato de la Nueva España. En el siglo XVIII el clero desarrolló cómo estrategia para refrenar la relajación de las costumbres el uso de imágenes escatológicas en la pintura. Especialmente se difundieron las representaciones de cadáveres putrefactos, debido a que las élites criollas y españolas tenían el impulso para rechazar los recordatorios de la muerte, cómo su olor y su presencia en lugares públicos (Lomnitz Adler, 2011: 256-257). La presente ponencia pretende revisar el uso de las pinturas con temas escatológicos, algunos ejemplos y su complejidad en la Nueva España del siglo XVIII, estableciendo su origen y temas más comunes desarrollados durante esa centuria. El siglo de las luces fue de gran complejidad, pues las ideas de la Ilustración empezaban a llegar a un rico virreinato donde el Barroco se negaba a morir.
[EN] Eschatological themes—death, judgment, hell, and glory—were prominent in the visual arts during the Viceroyalty of New Spain. In the 18th century, the clergy developed the use of eschatological images in painting as a strategy to curb the laxity of morality. Depictions of putrefied corpses were particularly prevalent, as Creole and Spanish elites were driven to reject reminders of death, such as its smell and presence in public places (Lomnitz Adler, 2011: 256-257). This paper reviews the use of paintings with eschatological themes, some examples, and their complexity in 18th-century New Spain, establishing their origin and the most common themes developed during that century. The Age of Enlightenment was one of great complexity, as those ideas were beginning to reach a wealthy viceroyalty where the Baroque style refused to die.

Bu çalışmada Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Gençlik ve Spor Bakanlığı tarafından
2020-2021 Güz Dönemi Üniversite ders müfredatına alınan “Gönüllülük
Çalışmaları” dersinin geleceğin potansiyel girişimci adayı öğrencileri
üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmaktadır. Türkçe literatürde Uluslararası Ticaret
ve Finans alanında eğitimine devam eden öğrenciler ile ilgili çalışmaların
yok denilecek kadar az olması çalışmanın alana katkı sağlayacağını
düşündürmektedir. Çalışma Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari
Bilimler Fakültesi  “Gönüllülük Çalışmaları” dersine kayıtlı 39 üniversite
4. Sınıf öğrencisi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Öğrencilerden ders kapsamında
yapmış oldukları etkinliklerle ilgili “Etkinlik Raporu” istenilmiştir. Potansiyel
girişimci adayı olan öğrencilerin etkinlikleri sonucu oluşturdukları etkinlik
raporu içerik analizi ile değerlendirilerek yorumlanmıştır. Araştırma nitel bir
çalışma özelliği taşımaktadır. Sonuç olarak bu ders potansiyel girişimci adayı
olan öğrencilerde, girişimcilik ve girişimcilikte gönüllülük bilinci kazanımı
algısı oluşturmuştur. Öğrenciler sadece yapmış oldukları gönüllülük
çalışmaları ile kendilerini sınırlamamış, bu etkinliklerin uzantıları neler olabilir,
daha başka çevreye nasıl faydalı olabilirim düşüncesi ile çağın gerekliliğini
yakalama adına, takım çalışması, interdisipliner davranış gibi kazanımlar
da edinmişlerdir. Başka yaşamlara dokunma, kendi yaşamları ile kıyaslama
ve şükretme duygusu kazanmışlardır. Bu kazanımları aslında günümüz için
en önemli değerler olarak ifade etmek mümkündür. Doğa, insan ve hayvan
yaşam dengesini; ekosistemin dengede kalmasının gönüllülük çalışmaları
ve hatta sürdürülebilir gönüllülük çalışmaları ile desteklenmesi gerekliliği
gözlemlenilmiştir.

The efficiency assessment is based on the implementation of the Data Envelopment Analysis DEA in five hotels. This study examined the effectiveness of hotel services. The analysis was conducted by the use of Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (CCR) model to achieve the objective of identifying efficient and non-efficient hotels. Three and two hotels are found to be efficient and inefficient respectively. It was then concluded that inefficient hotels should emulate the efficient hotels in order to maximize their profit. .

Kirklees Local Television (KLTV) is proud to announce the overwhelming success of the official premiere of The Armed Services: Huddersfield Windrush Forgotten Veterans, which took place on Saturday 5th July 2025 at the Greenhead Masonic Hall.
This powerful documentary uncovers the untold histories of the several generations of Windrush descendants, born and raised in Huddersfield, who served in the British Armed Services.

In the late 1740s and the 1750s the Jacobite exile James Steuart began to compose the work that became his Principles of Political Oeconomy. This article shows how the political principles of this work were shaped in two contexts neglected by earlier scholars: the networks that shaped Steuart's formation as a Jacobite, and the debates about absolute monarchy that he encountered in France early during his exile starting in 1746. It demonstrates that Steuart's vision of an economically active, interventionist state chiefly developed not from German debates about administration, as is often assumed, but from long-running Scottish currents of opposition to British government policy and radical French ideas about how monarchical reform can secure equal rights for all. This article thus uncovers the Jacobite and French origins of Steuart's variety of interventionism, which troubled Adam Smith, inspired French revolutionaries, and influenced Hegel, Marx, and the broader history of political economy.

İbrahim Sarim Pasha, who was in the Ottoman bureaucracy at a young age, was a witness and even one of the leaders of the most painful times of the state, political, military, social and economic changes. He conveyed his impressions and experiences about the Egyptian Question, one of the most important issues of the early 19th century. In this study, the article named An Interview with Kavalali Mehmed Ali Pasha in the Year 1253 by Ahmed Refik on May 1, 1926, in the number 15(92) of the Türk Tarihi Encümeni Magazine, and information and documents containing the interviews and correspondence he made during the London embassy afterwards. Based on this, the function of İbrahim Sarim Pasha in the Egyptian issue and different appearances of the issue from his profoundness have been tried to be discussed

Tanzimat öncesi Klasik Dönem olarak adlandırılan süreçte Osmanlı Devleti'nde Şer'i ve Örfi Hukuk kaynaklı hukuk sisteminin varlığından söz etmek mümkündür. Zira özellikle yargının taşradaki temsilcisi olan kadıların temel başvuru kaynağı bu iki anlayışın sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan fıkıh kitapları ve kaûnnâmelerdir. Ancak Tanzimat'a kadar devletin her bakımdan hükmettiği, Müslim, Gayrimüslim tebaanın yaşadığı sahada Kadı Mahkemeleri ve kimi zaman onu denetleyen kimi zaman da onunla eş değer birincil başvuru mercii olan Divân-ı Humâyûn dışında, konsolosluk ve cemaat mahkemeleri müstesna olmak üzere, herhangi bir yargı organından bahsetmek mümkün görünmemektedir. Ancak ilk defa Tanzimat Fermanıyla zikr olunan kanun önünde eşitlik ilkesinin gereği olarak, toplumun her kesiminin temsil olunduğu mahkemeler de Şer'i mahkemeler yanında yer almaya başlamış, İslam Hukukunun yanında alternatif Batı Hukuku da kendini göstermiştir. Muhassıllık Meclisleri bu uygulamanın ilk örnekleridir. Bu süreçte hukuk sahasına giren bir başka mühim yenilik de tek dereceli, tek hâkimli yargılama usulünün yanına birden fazla farklı dini ve etnik kimliğe sahip üyenin yer aldığı bir nevi jüri modelinin de uygulanmaya başlanmış olmasıdır. Bu ilk adımlar sonrası için de başlangıç olması bakımından ayrıca öneme sahiptir.

In the first decade of the twentieth century, very few of London's women workers were organized in trade unions. In contemporary discourse, female labourers appear alternately as bad workers, 'natural blacklegs,' 'masculine,' and immodest. Women union leaders sought to resolve these discursive tensions between work and femininity by framing collective action as a collaborative project defined by sisterhood. This article interrogates their efforts by examining the discourse of sisterhood in the trade journal, the Woman Worker. It demonstrates that outside observers defined working-class women's lives in terms of misery and poverty as well as female camaraderie and solidarity. Industrial women workers, on the other hand, imagined more expansive worlds for themselves and their families. Their published stories and their actions depict a range of affective experiences, from joy and desire to frustration, disappointment, and ambivalence. By highlighting the female labourer, this article recentres emotions, workers' subjectivity, and women's individual stories in historical narratives about gender, work, and Britain's early labour movement.

In the first of those chapters, Gareth Rowe and Anna Rowlands explore the development of Catholic social teaching on taxation. From the outset, the authors stress our natures as social beings. They explain how the tradition of Catholic social teaching has evolved. Some key principles that have developed in that tradition are that taxation should be moderate and fair; taxation should be related to the ability to contribute; and, in later years, an international dimension has been introduced: taxes should be levied in richer countries to assist the development of poorer countries. Later social encyclicals have built on these themes to emphasise the preferential option for the poor, inter-generational solidarity, and care for our common home. All three of these concerns might lead us to conclude that taxes on activities that cause environmental harms are justified. T he Church has made clear, Rowe and Rowlands point out, that society should be organised in such a way that all citizens have the basic goods and services for a dignified life. Where people would otherwise be without such goods and services (which include food, shelter, clothing, healthcare and education), in accordance with the preferential option for the poor and the universal destination of goods, the state should step in and ensure provision is made whilst taxing citizens in accordance with their ability to contribute. Rowe and Rowlands also explain how there is a moral dimension to taxation. Taxes should be levied in such a way that they promote the common good. This is not a purely transactional matter of taxpayers providing resources to the state so that the state can provide goods and services that we cannot obtain through other means. The whole process of taxation and the use of resources by government should be based on moral principles. T he resources of government should be used in a way that builds, rather than undermines, the common good of society as a whole.

From 10 July until October 2025 you can visit 'Faces for Eternity', an exhibition dedicated to medals featuring the portraits and symbols of women who had great power in Renaissance Europe. The exhibition includes one coin, and thirteen medals displayed in the Money Gallery (Room 68 – Case 10). It was curated by Dr. Emma Luisa Cahill Marrón from the Art, Power, and Gender Research Group from the University of Murcia who is a specialist in Anglo-Spanish artistic relations during the Renaissance.

This display features images of pioneering figures like Isabel I of Castile and Mary of Burgundy. These rulers started appearing in coins and medals constructing a strong image of power that had a lasting impact in their female descendants like Mary of Hungary, Mary I of England and Ireland, Isabel of Portugal or Margaret of Parma, amongst others. These women also became rulers and used medals with their portraits to disseminate their image of power by employing leading Italian and Flemish artists like Jacopo da Trezzo or Jacques Jonghelinck. They used these medals as gifts to disseminate their image, strengthening their legitimacy as Renaissance rulers.

In the case of Tudor England this exhibition reunites the medals of King Henry VIII of England and Ireland and his second wife Anne Boleyn. These were likely designed as a pair to commemorate her coronation as Queen of England on 1 June 1533. The design closely resembles a sketch by Hans Holbein the Younger in the British Museum with an inscription identifying the sitter as Anne Boleyn. This could have been the model employed by the unknown artist of this medal; the only contemporary image we have of her.
The exhibition finally features four medals of the first two women who ruled England and Ireland: Mary I and Elizabeth I. Their medals show them as powerful female rulers. On the one hand, Mary I as defender of the Catholic Church and champion of the Anglo-Spanish alliance. On the other hand, Elizabeth I as the phoenix reborn from its ashes and the bay-tree incapable of damage referencing the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
Please feel free to share this information with anyone who might be interested in visit 'Faces for Eternity'!

If you would like more information on this exhibition, please contact [email protected]

Dr. Emma Luisa Cahill Marrón

The author presents the response of Internet users to the incidents thatoccurred during Euro 2012. A sociolinguistic analysis of comments on the fights between Polish and Russian fans was carried out. Several aspects of the national stereotypes included in the analyzed internet opinions that had been published on the Internet were presented.

What does it feel like to be an atheist? Some would say the question makes no sense. Isn't atheism the ultimate expression of muscular rationalism--whether rightly guided or hopelessly led astray--totally detached from feeling? This article suggests the opposite--that atheism is and always has been infused by a rich inner life.

Kenya has participated in the Commonwealth games since 1954, the Olympics since1964, the All African Games since 1965 and the World championship since 1983. The tradition of dominance in middle and long distance running began in the 1968 Mexico City Olympics. The total medal tallies in men track events (800m-10,000m) in Olympic Games (excluding boycotted Games of 1976 & 1980) stands at 86 medals, of which 56 are from long distance events (http/www.iaaf.org). This athletic performance of Kenyan middle and long distance runners has led to a series of studies. Many researchers have sought to explain the runners' success at international level. Many of these studies were based on biological characteristics and ethnic traits of middle and long distance athletes. The social sciences have been under represented in the search to explain this phenomenon. Many studies have not considered Kenyan middle and long running abilities as a socially constructed reality. Data for this paper was so...

Existing scholarship on the National Unemployed Workers' Movement (NUWM) has not addressed the rationale of state action against unemployed dissent. This paper argues that the NUWM disrupted a tentative and fragile accord between the state, capital, and labour to institutionalize industrial conflict, necessary to secure governability and social order. The interwar British state used its intelligence and coercive apparatus, the lae, and the police against the NUWM. This paper offers an analytical perspective which emphasizes the influence of the inerwar economic constrictions on the capacity of the state action and explains the need for its officials to reject expressions of industrial discontent and protect the notion of industrial peace as a raison d'etat.

ในปฐมกาล พระเจ้าทรงสร้างมนุษย์ให้ดีพร้อมและมีความสัมพันธ์ที่ใกล้ชิดกับพระองค์ แต่เมื่อมนุษย์ปฏิเสธพระเจ้าและดำเนินชีวิตอยู่ในบาป มนุษย์ได้ถูกตัดขาดจากพระเจ้าและกลายเป็นศัตรูกับพระองค์ ถึงแม้มนุษย์จะพยายามหาวิธีการมากมายเพื่อให้กลับมามีความสัมพันธ์กับพระเจ้า แต่ก็ไม่สำเร็จ จนพระเจ้าทรงพระบุตรองค์เดียวของพระองค์ลงมาคือ พระเยซูคริสต์เพื่อไถ่ความผิดบาปของมนุษย์ การสิ้นพระชนม์ของพระเยซูจึงไม่เพียงช่วยมนุษย์จากบาปเท่านั้น แต่ยังช่วยมนุษย์กลับคืนดีกับพระเจ้า กลับไปมีความสัมพันธ์ที่ใกล้ชิดกับพระเจ้าอีกครั้งหนึ่ง
พันธกิจแห่งการคืนดีเริ่มจากพระบิดา ผ่านทางพระบุตรคือพระเยซูคริสต์ ในพระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ เพื่อให้มนุษย์ได้รับการเปลี่ยนแปลงชีวิตโดยพระวิญญาณบริสุทธิ์ ผ่านการเชื่อและไว้วางใจในพระเยซูคริสต์ และนำไปสู่การคืนดีกับพระเจ้าพระบิดาผู้ยิ่งใหญ่ นอกจากนั้นมนุษย์ยังได้คืนดีกันระหว่างเพื่อนมนุษย์ และคืนดีกับธรรมชาติสิ่งที่พระเจ้าทรงสร้างทั้งมีชีวิตและไม่มีชีวิตบนโลกนี้ พร้อมทั้งได้มอบหมายให้เป็นตัวแทนของพระเจ้าในการดำเนินชีวิตโดยการประกาศกันคืนดีไปยังผู้อื่น เพื่อช่วยผู้คนอีกมากมายให้คืนดีกับพระเจ้า
การให้ทุกสิ่งคืนดีกับพระองค์นั้น เราจะเห็นว่าพันธกิจของพระเจ้านั้นมีความหลากหลายอย่างมาก เพราะว่าพระกิตติคุณเรื่องการคืนดีกันจะเกี่ยวข้องกับทั้งสิ่งฝ่ายวิญญาณ สิ่งที่เป็นฝ่ายจิตใจและสิ่งที่เป็นฝ่ายร่างกาย ในปัจจุบันเราใช้คำว่า “พระกิตติคุณองค์รวม” หรือ “พันธกิจองค์รวม”  เพราะรวมถึงทุกด้านของชีวิต ทั้งสิ่งแวดล้อมและสังคมด้วย พันธกิจที่สมบูรณ์จะต้องประกอบด้วยทุกสิ่งเหล่านี้

This paper revisits and challenges the growing academic tendency to discount or dismiss the influence of future events in shaping understanding and purpose. Drawing inspiration from Hermes Trismegistus, the prophetic traditions of various sages, and conceptual insights from thinkers like Hegel, McKenna, Welchman, and Turing, the argument reorients the reader to consider time as a non-linear continuum-circular, eternal, and active in all directions. Through philosophical reasoning, metaphysical insight, and historical parallels, the case is made that future events do not merely unfold passively, but participate actively in shaping the present and the past. This inquiry is not intended to convert, but to catalyze reflection and reconsideration among closed frameworks. The work culminates in a call for intellectual humility and an expanded map of understanding-one where the future plays its rightful role.

Το παρόν ιστορικό δοκίμιο αξιοποιεί πρωτογενές υλικό για τη διερεύνηση των προσπαθειών της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας σε επίπεδο αμυντικού σχεδιασμού κατά την πρώιμη περίοδο της κυπριακής ανεξαρτησίας. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, καλύπτει κύριες πτυχές του «Σχεδίου Αμύνης Κύπρου Αφροδίτη 1965», ενός αμυντικού σχεδίου που εκπονήθηκε το 1965 για την υπεράσπιση του νεότευκτου κράτους μετά από τις απειλές που διατύπωσε η Τουρκία (την περίοδο 1963-1964) για την πραγματοποίηση εισβολής εναντίον του. Εξετάζοντας θεματικές όπως τον σκοπό του σχεδίου, την αποστολή των ελληνικών κυπριακών δυνάμεων και τον εκτιμώμενο τρόπο δράσης για την απόκρουση ενδεχόμενης τουρκικής επίθεσης, η εν λόγω μελέτη συνεισφέρει στην ευρύτερη προσπάθεια που καταβάλλεται για σύνθεση και ερμηνεία της στρατιωτικής ιστορίας της Κύπρου.

This dissertation examines colonial child servants from the British Isles between the years 1618-1776, illustrating how economic demands, colonial ambitions, and capitalistic drives combined with ethnic and class prejudices to perpetuate the indenture of children irrespective of individual or parental consent. An examination of legislative actions, legal enforcement, and governmental complicity reveals both direct and indirect government involvement in perpetuating involuntary child labor across the British Isles. In fact, the volume of this human trafficking required some level of awareness and support from legislators and officials at both the local and national levels. In some cases, officials removed children from impoverished families and utilized them for labor to promote overseas expansion. In others, the socioeconomic status of their families meant that policymakers and enforcers too often turned a blind eye to merchants’ and planters’ use of them for economic gain. This work also scrutinizes those who profited from child labor, revealing the networks of profit and power supporting these practices. Analysis of the varying impacts of ethnicity, class, religion, and political conflict over time and across regions provides insights into the broader implications of child labor practices in the context of English, and later British, expansion. Despite the passing of legislation to prevent abuses in the servant trade, the lax enforcement of these laws, the minimal penalties for violators, and the disregard shown towards those deemed socially and politically undesirable suggest that these legislative efforts were often superficial, and that economic and political priorities ultimately outweighed concerns for the personal agency and liberties of child servants. Though stricter regulations effectively curbed the issue within England by the early eighteenth century, patterns observed in Scotland, Ireland, and the North American colonies imply that the kidnapping industry was not eradicated but merely displaced, shifting its operation to areas with less stringent regulations.

Why was political economy born in seventeenth-century England? And what were the driving factors of its increasing political relevance? The academic debate has long reflected on these issues. Joyce Appleby in particular emphasised the momentous economic and social transformations that characterised the sixteenth-century English economy, from the increasing commercialisation of production to the enclosures; the greater financial interdependence of households and merchants; and, last but not least, the price revolution and the shortage of coin. Emily Erikson's Trade and Nation builds on Appleby's and other scholars' work by asking: why did political economy emerge in England and not elsewhere? Why not, for example, in seventeenth-century Amsterdam, which was the economic superpower of its time? Erikson's thesis is that the creation of trade companies sparked a public debate that divided public opinion between supporters and opponents, and that participants in that debate came to use increasingly sophisticated economic concepts that represented the birth of political economy as a secularised, objective, empirical discourse. Before turning to the core argument of the book, Erikson re-examines the existing literature on the origins of political economy in England in Chapter 1, and presents it as a seventeenth-century break from a moral economy that had shaped the mindset of Englishpersons until then. A new paradigm, she argued, emerged, which was centred on the growth of an economy delimited by political boundaries in the context of international competition. This position, which assumes that the economic reflection on the economy remained essentially stable from the Middle Ages until the sixteenth century, has become increasingly contentious. The historiography

The period from the revolutionary era to the First World War saw the gradual establishement of the notion - still prevalent today - that politics is primarily carried out through words and debate. In turn, silence - as an instrument of the powerful or as the voicelessness of the powerless - fell into disrepute. Still, even during the "age of debate", silence never completely disappeared from political practice. On the contrary: in many respects, it became a focal point of political disputes. From a comparative perspective on the French, German, and British cases, this study examines the forms and functions of silence in European politics during the long 19th century - from parliaments to backroom negotiations, from court politics to street protest. It thus provides new insights into the changing conditions of political communication and the shifting expectations of politicians' public performance.

This essay compares how France and the Netherlands address their colonial pasts through memory laws, highlighting their differing legal and symbolic approaches. France’s formal legislation - especially the Taubira Law - has institutionalised historical narratives but also triggered academic backlash for limiting free expression and oversimplifying history. In contrast, the Netherlands has chosen symbolic gestures, notably public apologies from the Prime Minister and the King, which avoid the risks of censorship while still acknowledging historical injustices. The essay argues that the Dutch model of “soft” mnemonic constitutionalism offers a more balanced and context-sensitive alternative to legislating historical memory.

Unlike the solid body of historiography mapping out political and diplomatic relations be- tween the United Kingdom and Serbia, cultural transfers between the two nations occupy minimal aca- demic spaces, primarily those concerned with literature, music, and sport. While seemingly apparent, representations and influences of Anglomania and English style in the fashion system of Serbia were sidelined in favor of dominant Austro-Hungarian and French influences, falling under the category of general “Western" influences rather than specifically “British" or “English." Hence, this paper aims to register and outline the particular influences of Anglomania and English style in the Serbian fashion system of the first half of the 20th century, focusing on the interwar elites of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia's capital, Belgrade. Despite the initial timeframe, the paper will also provide an overview of the inception of Anglomania and British fashion influences in the Serbian culture of clothing, starting with the late l8th century and Dositej Obradović's English suit as an aesthetic, sociocultural, and political catalyst of Anglo- mania. By doing so, the study allows for a chronological and geographical differentiation of Anglomania, which, in the l8th and l9th centuries, was integral to the urban costume of Vojvodina's bourgeoisie and in the first half of the 20th century became exclusive to Belgrade's emerging fashion elite and the sartorial (self)representation of the Karadjordjević royal family. Focusing on the latter and juxtaposing it with the dominant Francophilia in interwar fashion, the paper outlines Anglomania as the dominant fashionable behavior and stylistic orientation in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia's fashion habitus. Finally, the paper pro- poses fashion history as a new form of cultural transfer between the United Kingdom and Serbia, moving beyond established approaches and common misconceptions.

This paper critically interrogates the political and religious origins of copyright, challenging the prevailing narrative that frames it as an enlightened tool for protecting creative expression. Tracing its evolution from pre-printing times to the dawn of modern copyright in the eighteenth century, the analysis reveals that copyright initially functioned as a coercive mechanism of control. Rooted in the imperatives of the state and church, it was designed to regulate the dissemination of information, enforce religious orthodoxy, and suppress political dissent. Through a historical examination of institutions such as the Stationers’ Company, royal printing privileges, and the Licensing of the Press Act 1662, the study uncovers how copyright operated as a tool of censorship rather than a recognition of authorship. The transition towards an author-centric model, particularly with the Statute of Anne (1710), signified a philosophical shift inspired by Enlightenment ideals—but one that retained traces of its repressive past. This work ultimately demonstrates that modern copyright, while now associated with creativity and rights, remains shadowed by its origins in surveillance and suppression.

In this article, Christine Checinska aims to: (i) outline the carnivalised theoretical approach that characterises her analysis of African diasporic cultural expressions, (ii) explore the creolised aesthetic that shapes the styling-or stylin', in colloquial terms-adopted by African diasporic men in the Caribbean, and (iii) to posit the notion of stylin' as a creolised non-verbal Nation Language (a term coined by Kamau Brathwaite; see History of the Voice. London: New Beacon, 1984). In this schema, the (re)fashioning of the body facilitates the reconfiguration of diasporic identities that are in constant flux as a result of geographical, psychological, and social border crossings. The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) is central to the discussion, since it arguably galvanised what the author calls "the Great Masculine Enunciation", a form of democratisation of dress that marked the shift from the functional, anonymous (un)dress of enslaved Africans to the elegant, embellished, individualised swagger of African diasporic peacock males. This constituted the reverse of the Great Masculine Renunciation in the West, which saw the abandonment of adornment in favour of understatement in fashionable male dress after the French Revolution (1789-1799), as described by J. C. Flugel (The

For many people around the world the pandemic underscored just how important pet dogs have become to their human owners. This month historian Neil Humphrey shows us that dogs only became our best friends during the 19th century in England and that they occupied this position because of profound changes to society during the Victorian age.