Balkan Studies

Το κείμενο βασίζεται στην προφορική παρουσίαση που έγινε στο πλαίσιο του ετήσιου θεατρικού συνεδρίου του Πανεπιστημίου της Λιέγης που διοργανώθηκε από το Κέντρο Σπουδών και Έρευνας για το Θέατρο στον Κοινωνικό Χώρο (CERTES) και το Βασιλικό Πανεπιστημιακό Θέατρο της Λιέγης (TURLg) με την ευκαιρία των 40 χρόνων των Διεθνών Συναντήσεων Πανεπιστημιακού Θεάτρου (RITU 40). Το συνέδριο και η ψηφιακή έκδοση των πρακτικών έγινε με την καθοδήγηση και τις άοκνες προσπάθειες της Kαθηγήτριας Nancy Delhalle και βρίσκονται στο:  https://certes.phl-lab.uliege.be/

The text is based on an oral presentation given at the annual theatre conference of the University of Liège, organized by the Centre for Studies and Research on Theatre in Social Space (CERTES) and the Royal University Theatre of Liège (TURLg) on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the International University Theatre Meetings (RITU 40). The conference and the digital edition of the proceedings were organized under the guidance and tireless efforts of Professor Nancy Delhalle and can be found at: https://certes.phl-lab.uliege.be/

Ce texte est basé sur une présentation orale donnée lors du colloque annuel de théâtre de l'Université de Liège, organisé par le Centre d'études et de recherche sur le théâtre dans l'espace social (CERTES) et le Théâtre Royal Universitaire de Liège (TURLg), à l'occasion du 40e anniversaire des Rencontres Internationales Universitaires du Théâtre (RITU 40). Le colloque et l'édition numérique des actes ont été organisés sous la direction et le travail acharné de la Professeure Nancy Delhalle et sont disponibles à l'adresse suivante : https://certes.phl-lab.uliege.be/

Papers collected in this book were presented at an international scientific conference "Transition in CEE Countries: Experiences and Future Perspectives" which was held on November 3rd and 4th 2006 in Dubrovnik. The Conference was organized by the Political Science Research Centre Forum, in cooperation with the University of Dubrovnik. It gathered eminent scientists from Croatia and Europe that are positioned in different scientific orientations and points of view. Papers presented in this book discuss different transition phenomena, from general theoretical issues to very specific transformation processes in particular countries. Papers in this collection could be roughly divided into two main parts. The first one includes papers that analyze and discuss general theoretical and conceptual insights and consequences regarding transition processes. This is mainly the case with papers of the following authors: Philippe C. Schmitter, Anđelko Milardović, Pero Maldini and Mislav Kukoč. Their papers provide theoretical overviews of theories of consolidated democracy, Europeanization, socio-cultural values, multiculturalism and the issue of sovereignty. The second group consists of papers with more specific analysis; they are either focused on particular aspects of the transition process in CEE countries or they are aiming to offer a broader understanding of transition patterns in specific countries. This group of papers includes the works of Mate Szabo, Jacek Klich, Vladimira Dvorakova, Davorka Vidović, Davor Pauković, Tomaž Deželan and Damjan Lajh. Their papers examine subjects such as: dealing with the past and lustration, protests in countries pre- and post-1991, ideologies and their role in the transition process, citizenship and the nature of the franchise, as well as social policy change in terms of welfare in transition. Different theoretical approaches and thematic diversity of presented papers form a multidisciplinary character of this book. The studies mainly used the comparative approach, which is in theoretical and practical sense actually inherent to the subject of democratic transition. In the scope of social sciences this book has managed to offer a relatively wide image of specific features and different experiences of democratic transition, as well as of ways of thinking and interpreting contemporary social reality in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

Balkan Harbi'nde İşkodra/Karadağ Cephesi hem kuşatma hem açık alan
muharebeleri hem de gayr-ı nizami harbin yaşandığı nadir cephelerdendir.
Ancak, bu cephe, travmatik Balkan Harbi tecrübesinin önemli bir parçası
olmasına rağmen yeterince incelenmemiştir. Bu makale, İşkodra
Cephesi'ne dair literatürde şimdiye dek kapsamlı bir araştırmaya konu
edilmeyen Mehmed Fahri Paşa'nın ben-anlatısı temelinde bu boşluğu
doldurma çabalarına katkıda bulunmayı hedeflemektedir. Mehmed Fahri
Paşa’nın anıları Balkan Harbi’nde İşkodra/Karadağ Cephesi'ne savaşa
bizzat katılan bir askerin şahsi tecrübesi içerisinden özgün bir pencere
açmaktadır. Ayrıca bu ben-anlatısı, emsallerine kıyasla düzyazıyla değil
manzum olarak ve savaştan hemen sonra yazılmış olması açısından da
önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, İşkodra Cephesi'ne dair mevcut yegâne müstakil
Osmanlı-Türk askerî ben-anlatısı olan bu manzum hatırat; İşkodra
Cephesine dair birincil ve ikincil çalışmalarla çapraz denetlemeye tâbi
tutularak, bu cephedeki muharebelerin ve kuşatmanın seyri ve travmatik
sonuçlarını analiz etmektedir. Ayrıca yenilginin asıl nedeni olarak görülen
açlık ve bombardıman meselelerinin harp sonrası hafızaya yansımaları
tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Öte yandan bir "harp tarihi" olan hatıratın
konvansiyonel askerî tarih açısından da niteliği muharebelerin ve askerî
hadiselerin tarihselleştirilmesi çerçevesinde tespit ve tahlil edilmiştir

The ceramic fragments from the Ezero settlement mound provide new, so far unknown information about the ceramic repertoire of the eponymous site. At the same time, they supplement the data on the presence of fluted ceramics in the Upper Thrace. It is about four fragments with fluted decoration. They belong to the category of askoi and cups of the group of fine black polished ceramics. Among the presented examples, the fluted decoration is present in two variants – wide and shallow and narrow and deep flutes. It has been noted in the literature that these features have a chronological value, with the wide and shallow ones having an earlier date than the narrow and deep grooves. The possible dating of the materials from Ezero and their parallels from Yunatsite, Kovachevo and Karanovo are placed at the end of the I phase and the beginning of the II phase of the Еarly Bronze Age.

Апстракт: Последњих деценија расте интересовање за проучавање селеукидске војске, а посебно за ратовање Антиоха III, које је постало предмет изучавања како у историјским, тако и у научно-популарним круговима. Овај рад пружа детаљан приказ етничке структуре Антиохове мултиетничке армије истичући њену улогу као интегративни фактор Селеукидске монархије. Главна препрека у изради овакве анализе лежи у томе што су етноними у наративним и епиграфским изворима (чији је број огроман, те овај чланак наводи само неколицину) успутно помињани, са изузетком Полибија, чије књиге које описују Антиоха углавном нису сачуване.

This study investigates the 19th-century Russian restoration of the Church of St. Nicholas in Demre, Turkey, within the framework of evolving international conservation practices and Ottoman heritage policies. Through archival analysis, travelers' accounts, and comparative architectural evaluation, the research reveals how geopolitical rivalries and ideological agendas shaped the church's transformation. While European nations like Italy, France, and England institutionalized conservation ethics in the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire's delayed adoption of systematic policies until the 1869 Antiquities Regulation allowed foreign interventions to proceed unchecked. Russian efforts, initiated in 1850s preserved the church structurally but imposed radical alterations which compromised historical authenticity. The Ottomans countered through militarized control of strategic sites like Andriake Port, while the Ecumenical Patriarchate resisted Russian hegemony to safeguard religious identity. Archival documents underscore the church's role as a contested space, reflecting Trigger's paradigm of archaeology as a tool of nationalism and imperialism. This case study illuminates the duality of conservation as both a technical and political practice, where preservation and power intersect. By exposing the tensions between authenticity, ideology, and legacy, the study contributes to broader discourses on heritage management, urging a re-evaluation of conservation as a dynamic socio-political process rather than a mere technical endeavor.

The continuous EU commitment to the Western Balkans (WBs) has been a key issue and determinant for the European future of the WBs. In recent years, the EU ‘conditionality policy’ for enlargement has been widely criticized as being discouraging for the countries in the accession process, so enthusiasm and motivation for EU enlargement among WBs has been on decline. The regional initiatives established to keep the EU integration process alive, increase the regional cooperation through investments and remove barriers among the WBs such as the Berlin Process (2014) and Open Balkan (2019) although enjoyed the EU support, it was clear that they couldn’t replace EU membership nor bring more benefits to them. Consequently, different views were shared on possible ways how to speed up and energies the enlargement process and at the same time to keep alive the enthusiasm of EU integration among the WBs. The European Commission has responded to this situation with a new methodology for enlargement (2020), aiming to revitalize the enlargement process.
This paper will be focused on: at first, highlighting the new methodology for enlargement, principles, negotiating clusters and gradual participation of WBs in selected EU policies. In addition, as the accession process couldn’t be unlocked without a new mechanism of financial assistance called ‘new growth plan for the Western Balkans’ (2023) to further accelerate reforms and help the countries meet the requirement of EU membership. And third, properly addressing the security concerns emerged from the Russian war of aggression against Ukraine (started in February 2022) and alignment of the WBs with the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP).

У раду су анализиране поетикa унутрашњих и спољашњих хронотопа, њихови емоционални и афективни подтипови, топофилијска и топофобијска места, културолошко-социолошка семантизација простора, његова анахроност, хронотопске релације са наратором, динамика виртуелних, (не)реалних, језовитих хронотопа, стилистика и реторика просторно-временских конструкција (реификација, архаизама), из хронотопске перспективе се тумаче животни стилови, понашања и изражавања ликова (комуниста, грађанства), фигурације простора (стана, собе и града) у: симбол, синегдоху, метафору, метонимију, парадокс, иронију, као важни уметнички чиниоци романа Лагум и поетике прозе Светлане Велмар-Јанковић.

Кључне речи: Београд, хронотоп, стан, град, поетика, Светлана Велмар-Јанковић

Following the Soviet invasion of Poland, Romania's diplomacy became intensely strategic, driven by threats from Soviet expansionism and territorial ambitions of its neighbours, Hungary and Bulgaria. Under Foreign Minister Grigore Gafencu, Romania sought international support in London and Paris, but met the Western reluctance to offer security guarantees without unrealistic preconditions. This led Romania to cautiously involve Germany, seeking an arrangement to deter Soviet advances. Gafencu proposed compromises with Hungary and Bulgaria, offering territorial concessions in exchange for neutrality or support against the Soviet threat, but these efforts were hindered by German strategic priorities and the constraints of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. Romania's initial overtures to the Soviets were ignored by Germany, and after the Soviet setbacks in Finland, Romania abandoned this approach, attempting instead to negotiate with Hungary. However, Hungary's rejection of Romanian concessions further complicated Romania's diplomatic position. The influence of Western powers and threats from Germany and the Soviet Union shaped Balkan diplomatic strategies. Turkey aimed to consolidate regional ties to counter potential threats, highlighting complex interactions and territorial disputes, especially over Dobrogea. Romania's pursuit of national security required a delicate balance of alliances, concessions, and strategic realignments amid shifting international dynamics. By mid-1940, Romania's vulnerability and the limitations of international support mechanisms were evident, setting the stage for further geopolitical upheavals in the region.

The U.S.-led wars against Iraq in 1991 and 2003 resulted in the seizure of vast quantities of internal state security documents from the former regime of Saddam Hussein. Following Iraq's 1991 defeat in Kuwait, the Kurds staged a popular uprising against Saddam's dictatorial rule, capturing tons of secret police files that detailed vast humanitarian crimes, including corroborating evidence of the "al-Anfāl" (referring to Quran: "The Spoils of War") genocide, against the Kurds in the late 1980s. These files were transferred to the U.S. where they were digitized and analyzed for a possible genocide case against the Saddam regime. Another estimated 120 million pages of documents were seized by U.S. forces in the 2003 war in the failed hunt for evidence of Saddam's alleged unconventional weapons and ties to al Qaeda. Most of the seized Ba'athist records, along with digital copies of the Anfāl files, have since been returned to Baghdad and various parties in Iraqi Kurdistan. The state security files of Saddam's regime hold considerable historical importance and value for the peoples of Iraq. The documentary legacy of Saddam's Ba'ath regime should be used to help Iraqis come to terms with their tragic history and initiate sweeping democratic reforms on behalf of reconciliation and the rule of law. This has proved difficult to achieve. Corruption and the cycle of revenge in both Baghdad and Erbil have fueled the increased exploitation and weaponization of these state security records against political and sectarian rivals. In Baghdad, the sectarian misuse of the files has helped to fuel new waves of still escalating tensions, confrontations, and the continuing destabilization of Iraq. The Kurdish political parties also have exploited the Anfāl files against their political adversaries, raising the specter of new infighting, division, civil war, and the continued supplication to foreign influence. Nonetheless, several positive and countervailing developments have fostered greater access to these documents in digital form among Iraqi Kurds in the hope of promoting human rights, the rule of law, and learning from

The paper contributes to the research on the expansion of the grain trade in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, by looking at the contribution of Eastern Europe, more specifically, Romania. This would be a welcome addition, since existing studies often emphasise the contribution of Northern American grain, while that of Eastern Europe was also impressive. At the end of the nineteenth century, a connection was created between the ports of the Lower Danube and the entrepôt in Antwerp, a connection that was indispensable for the two ends of the network but also for the business environment. The paper has an original approach, since the author does not (only) use published quantitative sources but combines diplomatic archival material from both Belgium and Romania. Sailing to European entrepôts: Romanian farming and the Antwerp international grain market (1881-1914) •33 of the international grain market in agricultural products from the Black Sea basin. The idea that Romania (Oltenia, Wallachia, Dobruja, and Moldavia regions) is a state with a high agricultural potential is one of the widely accepted truths in Romanian culture. It was not, however, the main source of grain supply for the large urban centres of Europe in the second half of the 19 th century and the first part of the 20 th century. In the context of population growth and industrialisation in Western and Central Europe, the international grain trade, managed in an exemplary manner by large entrepôts 5 and profitably by multinational grain companies, increased in quantity and the geographical division of labour deepened. While Western European countries specialised mainly in industrial production, others, such as Romania, remained anchored in a pre-industrial economy (partly reminding of the mediaeval times), in which the increase in agricultural production and the export of cereals were the most striking aspects of economic development throughout 'the long 19 th century' . The countries in the latter category assumed the role of a viable and complementary source of daily food for the English, French, and Germans, and sometimes, thanks to the movement of agricultural products between the large ports and urban centres of Central Europe, they even found their way to the tables of the inhabitants of Prague, Bratislava, and Vienna. 7 From this point of view, it is interesting to follow what the situation was around 1900 between Antwerp, a major and modern Belgian grain warehouse, and the Danube hinterland, a subsidiary source of trade stocks in the Black Sea entrepôts system owned by Tsarist Russia (the then owner of the disputed Ukrainian territories today). The followers of cyclicality and the lessons of history, as proposed by George Santayana, as well as international public opinion, can see certain similarities with the current grain crisis caused by the war between Ukraine and the Russian Federation: international negotiations, tariff measures, routes and means of transport, stimulation 12 See an excellent analysis of the Romanian case in:

This paper explores the dynamics of American and Vatican policies in the communist Yugoslavia under Josip Broz Tito from the end of World War II to the end of Pius XII’s pontificate in 1958. The genocide against the Orthodox Serbs, Jews, and Roma committed by the fascist and devoutly Catholic Ustasha regime of the Axis puppet Independent State of Croatia cast a long shadow on church-state relations in Yugoslavia. The Roman Catholic Church (RCC) in that country was considerably compromised on account of its attitude towards the Ustasha regime, but offered vocal opposition to the communist government in 1945. This was in line with the visceral anticommunist policy of Pius XII who endeavored to enlist the assistance of the USA. For the Vatican, Tito’s Yugoslavia, with its atheistic doctrine and violent treatment of the RCC, was an implacable enemy. Their clash manifested in the Vatican’s “ratline” operations to help the fleeing Ustasha war criminals escape justice and staunch support to the Archbishop of Zagreb, Alojzije (Aloysius) Stepinac, during his trial and imprisonment, which Catholic propaganda turned into a major international event. The American policy towards Tito’s Yugoslavia was informed by political and military requirements, despite lobbying on the part of the American Catholic hierarchy. Initially faced with the hostility of a loyal Soviet satellite, the USA provided a measure of support to the Vatican as a way of bolstering anticommunist opposition of the RCC in Yugoslavia. This included an increasingly benevolent attitude towards the smuggling of Ustasha criminals. However, American diplomacy was reserved in the matter of the Stepinac trial, as it had grave doubts about his wartime record. After the Tito-Stalin split in 1948, Yugoslavia effectively became an American ally. Supporting Yugoslavia was now part of the American containment policy towards the Soviet Union, which ran contrary to the Vatican’s agenda.

Balkan trap/trap-folk is a hybrid, glocal genre that encompasses a wide range of global and local musical practices, characterized by continuous transformations and commercialization. It emerged after 2010, following the rise of global trap and its associated technologies into the mainstream. In the local context, the foundations for the development of trap were laid through its genre predecessors, shifts in music production, and the growing influence of Balkanist discourse in popular music. Through qualitative source analysis and musical discourse analysis, this paper aims to contribute to the scholarly understanding of Balkan trap/trap-folk by a) defining the genre; b) reconstructing its historical trajectory; and c) mapping its dominant topoi and discursive formations, with particular emphasis on pre-existing discourses (which dominate the genre), as well as processes of globalization, hybridization, and gender representation.

Dok nedavna politička kretanja postavljaju nove izazove održivosti konvencionalnih demokratskih praksi, stručnjaci sve više pažnje posvećuju istraživanju potencijala raznih demokratskih inovacija. Cilj ovog rada nije samo približiti koncept javnosti u malom, već također argumentirano analizirati koristi koje ove demokratske inovacije pružaju u unapređenju moralnih i epistemičkih kvaliteta procedura demokratskog odlučivanja. Prvi dio rada bavi se analizom uzroka krize tradicionalne predstavničke demokracije, postavljajući istovremeno kriterije za procjenu kvalitete demokratskih procesa. Drugi dio istražuje ključne mehanizme koji obilježavaju javnosti u malom te analizira kako ovi mehanizmi potencijalno uklanjaju neke od mana tradicionalne demokracije. Fokus trećeg dijela usmjeren je na različite oblike javnosti u malom, pritom analizirajući prednosti i nedostatke nekih od njih. Kroz ovu strukturu, rad nastoji pridonijeti boljem razumijevanju uloge javnosti u malom u suvremenom demokratskom društvu.

Systematic radiocarbon dating was performed on a unique EBA-MBA cemetery at Xeropigado Koiladas situated at the edge of the Kitrini Limni basin in the Kozani area, northwest Greece. It was found that this cemetery had a particularly long period of use of ~700 yr (between about 2420 and 1730 BC), which is especially pronounced if compared with the relatively small number of burials totaling 222. The dating revealed no spatial differentiation with time; the entire area of the cemetery was used throughout the time. There is a tendency of the dates to concentrate mostly in the time ranges 2200–2030 and 2000–1850 BC, which may tentatively suggest a more intense use of the cemetery during these periods. The results from multiple or consequent burials revealed that this cemetery was a landmark visible to the people of that time for at least 500 yr, if not for the entire period of its use. Some of the graves were built on top of, or adjacent to, older ones without disturbing the old burials...

Les recherches en cours sur les dépôts préhistoriques de la Grotte de Drakaina de la commune de Poros, ile de Cephalonia, ont contribué considérablement à l'enrichissement de nos données concernant la préhistoire de la région. Les résultats de datations par le radiocarbone des ...

The Ministerial Council of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes issued a decree on 23 July 1920 regarding the minting of 5-, 10-and 25-para coins, which were released into circulation in December, the same year. The minting of these coins was entrusted to an Austrian company "Metallwarenfabrik

Srebrni novac iz 1897. godine sa likom kralja Aleksandra Obrenovića od 1 dinara iskovan je u 4 miliona komada a od 2 dinara u 2 miliona komada. Obe kovanice iskovane u Carskoj kovnici u Beču imale su 835% srebra, dinar je bio težine 5 grama i prečnika 23mm a dva dinara je bio težak 10 grama sa prečnikom od 27mm. Zakonsko sredstvo plaćanja bili su do 1931. godine, mada su tokom godina postupno povlačeni iz opticaja.

The Ministerial Council of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes issued a decree on 23 July 1920 regarding the minting of 5-, 10-and 25-para coins, which were released into circulation in December, the same year. The minting of these coins was entrusted to an Austrian company "Metallwarenfabrik

Dinarsko-krunske novčanice su: ½ dinara (ili 2 krune), 1 dinar (ili 4 krune), 5 dinara (20 kruna), 10 dinara (40 kruna), 20 dinara (80 kruna), 100 dinara (400 kruna) i 1000 dinara (4000 kruna). Za apoene od 0,5 i 1 dinar, se pretpostavlja da su izdate 1919. godine a ostalih pet apoena, po jednom izvoru, pušteni su u opticaj 21.2.1920. godine. Prema propisima, zamena nostrifikovanih krunskih novčanica za nove krunsko-dinarske novčanice počela je u Srbiji i Crnoj Gori 3. februara a u ostalim delovima zemlje 16. februara 1920. godine. Svih sedam apoena dinarsko -krunskih novčanica povlače se iz opticaja u dužem vremenskom razdoblju od februara 1921. do maja 1934. godine. Prvo su povučene novčanice od 20 dinara od 1. februara do 30. aprila 1921. godine, od 5 dinara od 20. jula do 20. novembra 1922. godine i novčanice od 10 dinara od 10. februara do 10. juna 1924. godine. Novčanice od 100 (400 kruna) i 1000 dinara (4000 kruna) bile su najduže u opticaju. Povlačenje novčanica od 100 i 1000 dinara počelo je 1929. i trajalo do 25. maja 1934. godine. Pravilnikom o kovanju novca od 0,50, 1 i 2 dinara iz 1924. godine precizira se njihovo povlačenje iz opticaja i zamena za kovani novac u roku od godinu dana kada poslednja partija kovanog novca bude puštena u opticaj. Međutim, naredbom ministra finansija iz 1927. godine određeno je da se ostatak ovog papirnog novca povuče iz tečaja 30. septembra 1927. godine zamenom metalnim novcem istih vrednosti.

The plague was an invisible enemy that struck unpredictably,
devastating villages and cities, and often drastically reducing entire national populations. This article examines the plague as one of the most serious challenges faced by the Balkans, Albanian territories, and other parts of Europe. While several foreign and Albanian scholars - including B. Hrabak, K. Kërçiku, P. Xhufi, and A. Muhaj - have addressed the plague in the Albanian lands, their research primarily focuses on the 15th century and the period of the Ottoman conquest. The novelty of this article lies in its focus on earlier periods: Antiquity, the Early Middle Ages, and the High Middle Ages. Our study is based on existing historiographical literature and a limited number of historical documents available for these earlier periods. We explore cases of plague in the Illyrian-Albanian territories as well as in neighboring regions, from antiquity through the 11th century. The article is divided into two parts. The first provides a general overview of the disease’s symptoms and prevention (anamnesis and prophylaxis), contextualized with historical examples from both Albanian territories and neighboring regions. The second part examines specific historical events linked to outbreaks of the disease. This article represents our initial contribution to the study of plague in Albanian history and will be followed by further research.

Ky punim shqyrton etimologjinë e fjalës pjeshkë në dy rrafshe: së pari përmes formës së pranuar latine (persicum) dhe së dyti përmes një hipoteze substratike me origjinë vendore shqipe. Hipoteza propozon që fjala pjeshkë mund të jetë zhvilluar nga togfjalëshi frazeologjik /pa ru lesh ka/, që përshkruan pushin e frutit. Ky formulim jep një kuptim përshkrues të natyrshëm dhe mund të qëndrojë si bazë për format e mëvonshme latine persica, si dhe për fjalët të ngjashme në gjuhët evropiane (peach, breskva). Kështu, shqipja paraqitet jo vetëm si gjuhë përçuese, por ndoshta edhe si burim konceptual substratik.

The article examines the political positions and influence of prominent leader of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) Todor Aleksandrov between 9 June 1923 (the Military coup against the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union – BANU) and 31 August 1924 (the murder of Todor Aleksandrov). After the signing of the May Manifesto between the IMRO and the Comintern on 6 May 1924, which marks the breaking point in the political positions of Todor Aleksandrov, they quickly deteriorated and led to his demise in Pirin. The article traces the dynamics between Aleksandrov and his peers and subordinates in the IMRO, the legal Macedono-Bulgarian organizations, the governing factors in Sofia and the Comintern, and outlines the mechanisms set in motion by these factors once the May Manifesto was signed.

This paper explores the proposed PIE root *selgʷ-(reconstructed with a laryngeal as *sh₂elgʷ-) and its reflexes across Latin, Romanian, and Slavic languages. The hypothesis presents a unified phonological and semantic lineage for terms like Romanian salbă, sălbatec, Latin salvus, and Slavic slabŭ. Special focus is given to vowel coloring caused by PIE laryngeals and Romanian-specific developments of *gʷ. The findings suggest an early borrowing path or shared substrate influencing these language families.

This paper provides an extensive comparative overview of the geography curricula offered at various faculties in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia. It details compulsory and elective courses within teaching-oriented geography programs and highlights similarities and differences in course naming, organization, and scope. In doing so, the paper aims to help potential students assess the options available and evaluate how contemporary or forward-thinking each program's offerings might be. Here you can read English and Bosnian version of AI review of this paper.

ÖZ Müzik kültürü toplumların müzikal geçmişleri ve gelenekleri ile oluşturulmuş melodik, ritmik, güfte (söz) ve bunun gibi pek çok kültürel etkenin birikimi ile oluşmuş bir kültür alanıdır. Türk müzik kültürü, Türklerin var olduğu günden başlayarak günümüze kadar varlığını sürdürmektedir. İslam öncesi dönemde Hun, Uygur ve Göktürk Devletleri ile başlayan bu kültür Osmanlı İmparatorluğu döneminde en verimli dönemlerini yaşamış ve müziğimizin en verimli dönemi olmuştur. Osmanlı dönemi ve Cumhuriyet döneminde müzik ve kültürel alanda yapılan çalışmalar kayıt altına alınmış, Osmanlının son dönemleri ve Cumhuriyet ile birlikte birçok yazılı kaynak çıkmaya başlamış, süreli yayınlar basılmaya başlanmıştır. Osmanlı döneminde yayını başlayan Âlem-i Musiki Dergisi ve Gıdayı Ruh gibi dergiler karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Cumhuriyetin ilanı ile birlikte kültür sanat alanında yayınlar yapılmaya devam etmiş, Dar'ül-elhan Mecmuası ve Mûsiki Mecmuası'da bu süreçte yayınlarına başlamışlardır. Süreli yayınlar incelenirken günümüze gelindiğinde ise 1989 yılından itibaren yayın hayatına başlayan Milli Folklor Dergisi bu alanda yayın yapmaya devam etmektedir. Kültür ve sanat alanında yayınlar içeren dergi, kültürel mirasımızın yazıya aktarılmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Çalışmada incelenen 143 sayıdan elde edilen bulgulara göre dergilerden 74'ünde müzik başlığı altında farklı türlerde yazılar yazıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu dergilerde tespit edilen 109 makale incelendiğinde farklı bölgelere ait müzik türleri, bu bölgelerde yaşanan olaylar üzerine yazılmış türküler, ninni, düğün türküleri ve ilahiler yer almıştır. Nevruz'un konu alındığı birçok yazı incelendiğinde içlerinde Nevruz ve müzik ile ilgili yazılar olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca yazılarda müzik ve müzik eğitimi, Yurttan Sesler korosu, düğünler ve düğün türküleri, Dâr'ül-Elhân hakkında yazılar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Birçok yazıda ise Türk müzik kültü-rüne hizmet etmiş önemli bestekârların hayatı, sanatsal yaşamı ve besteleri konu alınmıştır. Bu çalışmanın, kültürel alanda yayın yapan dergiler ile ilgili çalışma yapacak olan araştırmacıların, müzik alanında Milli Folklor dergisinde yayınlanan yazılara ve içeriklerine kolayca ulaşabilmesi ve bu verileri kullanabilmesi açısında araştırmacılara büyük kolaylık sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

The COVID-19 pandemic has generally affected the attitudes, behaviors, and lifestyles of people and states. Although there is still no definitive position on the causes of the new species from the coronavirus family, there have been articles and discussions leading to the blaming of Chinese cultural tradition of eating the meat of bats - mammals which were also considered by scientists as potential transmitters of SARS-CoV-2. To measure the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the changing attitudes towards the doctrine of cultural relativism, in anthropological and sociological terms and state sovereignty in political terms, respondents from several Western Balkan countries, such as Kosovo, Albania, Serbia, Northern Macedonia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina answered a series of questions. The research findings show that changing the attitudes towards cultural relativism and state sovereignty is significantly dependent on bilateral relations between the Western Balkan nations w...

Battlefield tourism is emerging as a new market and marketing area for tour operators to respond to changing human needs in a globalised world. This type of tourism is becoming more and more important in the tourism sector with the various tours it offers and is being preferred more and more every day. In Türkiye, battlefield tours are limited to certain regions and this situation results in a lack of detailed studies on the supply of battlefield tourism in the literature. This study is based on the TÜBİTAK 3005 supported project titled 'Creating a National Battle Route from İnönü to Sakarya and Monitoring Its Effects' and compares the content of the tour developed in this project with examples of World War II tours in Western European countries. Thus, it is aimed to enrich the content of a developing tour by using successful examples at an international level. For this purpose, battlefield tours from the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Belgium were analyzed through document analysis. This study, which is conducted with a pragmatic paradigm, is a multiple case study. The findings of the study emphasize that the content of battlefield tours varies according to the historical and cultural background of the countries. In this context, the areas that need to be improved in the İnönü to Sakarya National Struggle Tour in Türkiye were determined and a structure that complies with international standards was created.

In line with the so-called 'spatial turn' in modern scholarship, the project 'Spaces that Matter' explores the relationship between space and sanctity in Byzantium and beyond. Specifically, the project examines how places of confinement and seclusion, such as prisons, cells, and caves, are represented in hagiographic narratives, visual culture, and archaeology, and how the holy protagonists, often martyrs and monastics or ascetics, experience their sojourn and spiritual progress in such places on a literary-narrative level. These sessions will focus on the hagiography of the Byzantine periphery and the Christian Orient, particularly Armenian/Georgian, Ethiopic, Slavic, and Greek saints' Lives and Passions.

In 1954 a grave was found in accidental circumstances at the foot of “Zaychi vrah” near the village of Kabile, Yambol region. Among the preserved items from the inventory are a bronze instrument, bronze anthropomorphic balsamarium and a strigil. The instrument is composed of two moving parts, joined by an axle, with the working area being covered with 18 teeth. In the middle of the handles there are two holes, which are located opposite to each other. At their ends they terminate in little balls. A dating in the second half of the 2nd c. is proposed on the basis of the bronze anthropomorphic balsamarium, found together with the instrument. The find from Kabile finds parallels with similar tools from other Roman provinces, with the closest one being the instrument, found in the Roman settlement and necropolis at Tiel-Passewaaij, The Netherlands. Different theories have been proposed in scholarly literature about the function of these instruments: emasculators, instruments with unknown functions, nutcrackers and twitches. The purpose of the present article is the analysis and identification of the instrument from Kabile on the background of similar ones, found on the territory of the Roman empire. On the basis of the comparisons with similar finds, as well with contemporary analogies, it can be theorized that the one from Kabile wasn’t used as an emasculator or a Burdizzo emasculatome, but rather as a twitch – a veterinary instrument, used for the subduing of wild horses by pressing on the lips during various manipulations – shoeing and surgical interventions. The instrument from Kabile gives information about the development of veterinary medicine in Thrace during the Roman period.

През 1954 г. при случайни обстоятелства е разкрит гроб в подножието на Зайчи връх при Кабиле, Ямболско. Инвентарът е от бронзов инструмент-обект на настоящото изследване, антропоморфен балсамарий и стригила. Предложена е датировка на гроба в първата половина на II в. Известни са паралели на инструмента с подобни находки от други римски провинции, като най-близък паралел е този от селище и некропол при Тил-Пасевай, Нидерландия. В научната литература са предложени различни теории относно функцията на изделието: кастратори, инструменти с неопределени функции, орехотрошачки и закрутки. На базата на сравненията с подобни находки, както и със съвременни аналози, може да се предоложи, че тази от Кабиле не е употребявана като кастратор или клещи на Бордицио, а като закруткаветеринарен инструмент, който се използва за укротяването на буйни коне чрез притискане на устните по време на различни манипулацииподковаване и хирургични интервенции. Находката от Кабиле обогатява данните за развитието на ветеринарната медицина в Тракия през римската епоха.

Posebno vazan i $iroko primjenjiv aspekt islamske umjetnosti predstavlja kaligrafija. U islamskoj kaligrafiji, fluidnost arapskih slova ili harfova doprinosi nastanku brojnih varijanti i stilova pisma koji imaju raznoliku primjenu u vizualnim umjetnostima. Kaligrafiju arapskog pisma UNESCO je uvrstio u Listu nematerijalne kulturne bastine, a ona dominira ne samo u umjetnosti knjige, nego na levhama, sakralnim i javnim objektima. Kaligrafsko ispisivanje arapskog slova je još od osmanskodobne Bosne dobilo poseban izrazaj u umjetnosti knjige, ta¢nije rukopisima mushafa koje bastine bosanskohercegovacke biblioteke, arhivi i instituti. Upravo su ovi jedinstveni rukopisni primjerci bili inspiracija za istraZivanje i nastanak monografije koja je izašla iz §tampe 2022. godine pod naslovom Cetrdeset bosanskohercegovackih mushafa = Bosnian and Herzegovinian mushafs, autora Cazima Hadzimejli¢a i Harisa Dervi$evica. Iako je o kaligrafiji i ranije pisano, ne samo od strane autora u čijem je ona profesionalnom zanimanju, nego i šire, ova publikacija dala je dodatni doprinos ovoj temi jer su autori odabirom najreprezentativnijih, likovno i umjetnic¢ki paznje vrijednih rukopisnih primjeraka koji se čuvaju u nasim bastinskim ustanovama predstavili ova izuzetno vrijedna i raritetna djela. Knjiga je Stampana dvojezi¢no, na bosanskom i engleskom jeziku, što ovu monografiju ¢ini pristupa¢nijom $iroj javnosti i izvan bosanskohercegovackog podrucja. Kroz prvo poglavlje naslovljeno O Kur'anu i mushafu (str. 16-25) autori uvode čitatelje u temu ove monografije tumacedi prije svega distinkciju izmedu Kur'ana Casnog i mushafa koji se nerijetko tumace kao sinonimi, a zapravo Kur'an predstavlja Boziju rije¢, dok je mushaf Kur'an u rukopisu, odnosno zapisana Bozija rijec. U drugom poglavlju Islamska kaligrafija s podnaslovima Islamska kaligrafija, Znameniti kaligrafi i Poznati kaligrafi u Bosni i Hercegovini (str. 26-47) autori su pojasnili neke osnovne pojmove u vezi s kaligrafijjom, njenim razvojem i izvorom, Bozijoj Objavi, koja je stalna inspiracija profesionalnih kaligrafa -hattata. Takoder, pomenuti su i znameniti kaligrafi Jakut al-Mustasimi, Sejh Hamdullah i Hafiz Osman, kanoni kaligrafije te poznati stilovi kaligrafije. Kaligrafiju osmanskodobne Bosne, smatraju autori, moguce je promatrati u okviru razvoja Casopis Specto 241.

In this paper, ideological confusion is explained based on the structural-functionalist perspective. Analysis of the phenomenon in question focuses mainly on the interdependence created between the "deeply-social" factors of and political discourse. This analysis is undertaken to better understand the circumstances that condition political parties on representing social categories in different social contexts and on showing the implications of political identity building based on the type of discourse used by the political actors. For this reason, while Almond (1968), Easton (1865), Luhmann (1981) analyze the ideology, they pay attention directly to the way of society structuring, and not as much to the political discourse. According to them, no partial aspect of social life and no isolated phenomenon can be understood unless it is linked with historical integrity and social structure conceived as a general unit. In this study, macro analysis focuses on the identification and treatment of several important indicators in terms of influences in structuring the political identity as important elements even for the empirical testing to the solutions this paper proposes. In this article the political discourse of Democratic Party and Socialist Party is analyzed in three different time periods

In this paper, ideological confusion is explained based on the structural-functionalist perspective. Analysis of the phenomenon in question focuses mainly on the interdependence created between the “deeply-social” factors of and political discourse. This analysis is undertaken to better understand the circumstances that condition political parties on representing social categories in different social contexts and on showing the implications of political identity building based on the type of discourse used by the political actors. For this reason, while Almond (1968), Easton (1865), Luhmann (1981) analyze the ideology, they pay attention directly to the way of society structuring, and not as much to the political discourse. According to them, no partial aspect of social life and no isolated phenomenon can be understood unless it is linked with historical integrity and social structure conceived as a general unit. In this study, macro analysis focuses on the identification and treatm...

The situation in the region occasionally shows a climate of tension between populations with different national identities. Social facts demonstrate that in terms of media multiculturalism, differentiation and division between ethnic communities are increased. This has happened because each medium is mono-cultural, has its own identity, even a very strong identity, due to its "neighbors", TVs and radio stations associated with cultural communities sharing the same territorial space. Under these conditions, ethnic and national communities live within a certain multicultural landscape, but these communities as an audience, follow a number of media selected according to strict ethnical criteria. Unfortunately, freedom of expression still does not ensure the coexistence of different national groups. It may even happen that freedom of expression worsens this coexistence.