Gabriel Tarde (French: [taʁd]; in full Jean-Gabriel De Tarde; 12 March 1843 – 13 May 1904) was a French sociologist, criminologist and social psychologist who conceived sociology as based on small psychological interactions among individuals (much as if it were chemistry), the fundamental forces being imitation and innovation.
Tarde was born in Sarlat in the province of Dordogne, and he studied law at Toulouse and Paris. From 1869 to 1894 he worked as a magistrate and investigating judge in the province. In the 1880s he corresponded with representatives of the newly formed criminal anthropology, most notably the Italians Enrico Ferri and Cesare Lombroso and the French psychiatrist Alexandre Lacassagne. With the latter, Tarde came to be the leading representative for a "French school" in criminology. In 1900 he was appointed professor in modern philosophy at the Collège de France. As such he was the most prominent contemporary critic of Durkheim's sociology.
Among the concepts that Tarde initiated were the group mind (taken up and developed by Gustave Le Bon, and sometimes advanced to explain so-called herd behaviour or crowd psychology), and economic psychology, where he anticipated a number of modern developments.Tarde was very critical of Émile Durkheim’s work at the level of both methodology and theory. However, Durkheim's sociology overshadowed Tarde's insights, and it was not until U.S. scholars, such as the Chicago school, took up his theories that they became famous.
Elan or Élan may refer to:
Elan the magazine is an online lifestyle publication, focused on global youth culture, sharing the stories of remarkable young professionals empowering their communities, enlightening their peers and inspiring those around them. Covering a variety of topics from business and architecture to fashion and culture, Elan also includes inspiring profiles of prominent voices around the world. Based in New York City, the online publication has more than 50,000 visitors per month and is growing rapidly.
Founded in 2008 by Moniza Khokhar, Elan first appeared in print and then went online in 2009. Elan’s strives to cover global culture in a way that has not been done before. By highlighting the community in regards to culture, business, travel, humor, high profile people, and mainstream news the publication has succeeded in staying away from stereotypical political issues that tend to drown out these other fascinating stories. Content is youth and forward focused, making it a positive voice about culture and being a modern Muslim in the world today. This unique approach has led the publication to being the dominant voice it is regarded as today.
Elán DeFan (born March 1, 1983 in Tlaquepaque, Jalisco, Mexico) is a recording artist, known for being one of the first Latin American female songwriters to begin her career with an English language album written completely on her own and the first independent artist from Latin America to have sold more than 1.7 millions copies of her music with her band which is also named ELAN, made up of Elán, lead vocalist and keyboard player, Jan Carlo DeFan, lead guitarist, co-producer and Elán's brother, childhood friend and bass player Carlos Padilla Maqueo, and younger cousin and drummer Michel "Cheech" Bitar DeFan and Mauricio "The Duck" Lopez.
Elán reveals an assortment of music that has been influenced by many artists like Bob Dylan, Janis Joplin, John Lennon, Melissa Etheridge, and a few other notable influences. Elán had a notable success with albums like Street Child and London Express. So far, she released six albums: five in English and one in Spanish.
Elán was born March 1, 1983 in Tlaquepaque, Jalisco. Her love for music was noticed by her mother at a very young age. "One day, she just climbed up on the bench and started to play; that was the moment where it all began. She was three..." recalls her mother. At age 4, Elán starts writing her first songs and her father starts to record her songs in their makeshift-home studio. "She was always very determined in her writing even at such young age." Jan Carlo recalls. At age 10 Elán starts to perform at private parties and theatres. At age 13 Elán started recordings with a major record label, Warner Music Group in Mexico.