Stoney (Martian crater)
Stoney Crater is an impact crater in the Mare Australe quadrangle of Mars, located at 69.8°S latitude and 138.6°W longitude. It is 171.0 km in diameter and was named after George Johnstone Stoney, and the name was approved in 1973 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN).
East side of Stoney (Martian crater), as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter).
East side of Stoney (Martian crater), as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter).
Why craters are important
The density of impact craters is used to determine the surface ages of Mars and other solar system bodies. The older the surface, the more craters present. Crater shapes can reveal the presence of ground ice.
See also
References
Stoney
Stoney may refer to
Individuals
Other
Nakoda (Stoney)
The Nakoda (also known as Stoney or Îyârhe Nakoda) are an indigenous people in Western Canada and, originally, the United States.
They used to inhabit large parts of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Montana, but their reserves are now located in Alberta and in Saskatchewan where they are scarcely differentiated from the Assiniboine. Through their language they are related to the Dakota and Lakota nations of the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains, part of the large Sioux Nation.
They refer to themselves in their own language as "Nakoda", meaning friend, ally. The name "Stoney" was given them by white explorers, because of their technique of using fire-heated rocks to boil broth in rawhide bowls. They are very closely related to the Assiniboine who are also known as Stone Sioux (from Ojibwe asinii-bwaan).
Alberta's Nakoda First Nation comprises three bands: Bearspaw, Chiniki and Wesley.
The Stoney were "excluded" from Banff National Park between 1890 and 1920. In 2010 they were officially "welcomed back".
Stoney language
Stoney, also called Nakoda or Alberta Assiniboine, is a Dakotan Siouan language of the Northern Plains, spoken by about three thousand people in Alberta. It is closely related to and shares distinctive features with Assiniboine, though it is hardly more intelligible with it than it is with Dakota Sioux.
Phonology
Word Set (includes numbers)
Phonetic differences from other Dakotan languages
The following table shows some of the main phonetic differences between the two Nakota languages (Stoney and Assiniboine) and the three dialects (Lakota, Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton) of the Sioux language, which is closely related to, but no longer mutually intelligible with either Stoney or Assiniboine.
References
External links
Martian
A Martian is a native inhabitant of the planet Mars. Although the search for evidence of life on Mars continues, many science fiction writers have imagined what extraterrestrial life on Mars might be like. Some writers also use the word Martian to describe a human colonist on Mars.
Martians in fiction
The word "Martian", used as a noun instead of an adjective, first entered the English language in late 1877. It appeared nearly simultaneously in England and the United States, in magazine articles detailing Asaph Hall's discovery of the moons of Mars in August of that year. An early, brief fictional account of an invasion of Earth by Martians appeared in 1881, in a futuristic article inspired by the International Exposition of Electricity, Paris.
Aleriel, or A Voyage to Other Worlds (1883) by W. S. Lach-Szyrma was previously reputed to be the first published work to apply the word Martian as a noun instead of an adjective. The usage is incidental; it occurs when Aleriel, the novel's protagonist, lands on Mars in a spacecraft called an "ether-car" (an allusion to aether, which was once postulated as a gaseous medium in outer space). Aleriel buries the car in snow "so that it might not be disturbed by any Martian who might come across it."
Martian (The War of the Worlds)
The Martians, also known as the Invaders, are the fictional race of extraterrestrials from the H.G. Wells novel The War of the Worlds. They are the main antagonists of the novel, and their efforts to exterminate the populace of England (and later the Earth) and claim the planet for themselves drive the plot and present challenges for the novel's human characters. They are notable for their use of extraterrestrial weaponry far in advance of that of mankind at the time of the invasion, 1898.
In the novel
Little about the Martians is definitive, the story being told by a first-person narrator.
Marcian
Marcian (Latin: Flavius Marcianus Augustus; 392 – 27 January 457) was Byzantine Emperor from 450 to 457. Marcian's rule marked a recovery of the Eastern Empire, which the Emperor protected from external menaces and reformed economically and financially. On the other side, the isolationistic policies of Marcian left the Western Roman Empire without help against barbarian attacks, which materialized in the Italian campaigns of Attila and in the Vandal sack of Rome (455). The Eastern Orthodox Church recognizes Marcian as a saint for his role in convoking the Council of Chalcedon.
Biography
Rise to power
Marcian was born in 392 in Illyricum or Thracia. The son of a soldier, he spent his early life as an obscure soldier, member of a military unit located at Philippopolis. Marcian was dispatched with his unit for a war against the Sassanids (probably the Roman-Sassanid war of 421–422), but along the road East he fell ill in Lycia; at this time he might have already been tribunus and commander of his unit.
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