Daf
The daf (Persian: دف, from Middle Persian: dap) is a large Persian frame drum used in popular and classical music. The frame is usually made of hardwood with many metal ringlets attached, and the membrane is usually goatskin. Daf is mostly used in the Middle East, Kurdistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Armenia, Turkey, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia, and usually accompanies singers and players of the tanbur, violin, oud, saz and other Middle Eastern instruments. Some dafs are equipped with small cymbals, making them analogous to a large tambourine.
History
The earliest evidence of the Dap (Daf) dates back to Sassanid Iran. The Pahlavi (an ancient Iranian language) name of the daf is dap. The word daf is therefore the Arabicized form of the word dap. Some pictures of dap have been found in paintings that date before the Common Era. The presence of Iranian dap in the reliefs of Behistun suggests the daf existed before the rise of Islam. Dafs were part of religious music in Iran much before Sufism. Iranian music has always been a spiritual tool. It shows that dafs played an important role in Mazdean Iran emerging as an important element during the Sassanian times during the Kâvusakân dynasty. Also there is a kind of square frame drum in the stonecutting of Taq-e Bostan (another famous monument located 5 km (3 mi) northeast of Kermanshah city). These frame drums were played in the ancient Middle East (chiefly by women in Kurdish societies), Greece, and Rome and reached medieval Europe through Islamic culture.
DAF
DAF or Daf may refer to:
Science and technology
Music
Military
TestDaF
The TestDaF, formally Test Deutsch als Fremdsprache ("Test of German as a foreign language"), is a standardised language test of German proficiency for non-native German speakers. It aims at people who would like to study at or academics and scientists who want to work in German universities. The test is run by the TestDaF-Institut.
The test can be taken in 95 different countries around the world. The test covers listening comprehension, reading comprehension, writing and speaking, and is recognised by German universities as proof of prospective students' ability.
The grades of candidates are marked in terms of three levels, TDN 3 — 5, which correspond to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages levels B2–C1.
The certificate is valid for an unlimited period of time.
History
A standardised language examination for foreign students enrolling in German universities was first proposed in 1996 during the Conference of the Cultural Minister (Kultusministerkonferenz).
In early 1998, the financial support from Foreign Office (Auswärtigen Amt) and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung) became available and German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) was commissioned to hold a bidding for the project to develop a central language examination. In the same year, the contract was awarded to a consortium composed of the University of Hagen, the Department of Linguistic Research of Ruhr-University Bochum, Goethe-Institut and the Carl Duisberg Centre in Cologne.
Podcasts:
Daf
ALBUMS
Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft
ALBUMS
- Das Beste von DAF released: 2009
- Fünfzehn neue DAF Lieder released: 2003
- Alles ist gut released: 2001
- Ein Produkt der Deutsch-Amerikanischen Freundschaft released: 2000
- Die Kleinen und die Bösen released: 1990
- Hitz Blitz released: 1989
- D.A.F. released: 1988
- 1st Step to Heaven released: 1986
- Für immer released: 1982
- Gold und Liebe released: 1981
- Live@Gevelsberg released:
Das Beste von DAF
Released 2009- Greif nach den Sternen
- Sex unter Wasser
- Der Mussolini
- Ich will
- Verschwende deine Jugend
- Alle gegen Alle
- Was ziehst du an heute Nacht
- Rote Lippen
- Sato Sato
- Ein bisschen Krieg
- Die Götter sind weiß
- Im Dschungel der Liebe
- Verlieb dich in mich
- Der Räuber und der Prinz
- Ich und die Wirklichkeit
- Verehrt euren Haarschnitt
- Goldenes Spielzeug
- Als wärs das letzte Mal
- Liebe auf den ersten Blick
- Prinzessin
Die Kleinen und die Bösen
Released 1990- Osten währt am längsten
- Essen dann schlafen
- Co Co Pino
- Kinderfunk
- Nachtarbeit
- Ich gebe dir ein Stück von mir
- De Panne
- Gewalt
- Gib's mir
- Auf Wiedersehen
- Das ist Liebe
- Was ist eine Welle
- Anzufassen und anzufassen
- Volkstanz
- Die lustigen Stiefel
- Die Kleinen und die Bösen
- Die fesche Lola
- El Basilon
- Y la Gracia
D.A.F.
Released 1988- Verschwende Deine Jugend
- Der Mussolini ('88 Remix)
- Mein Herz macht Bum
- El Que
- Ich und die Wirklichkeit
- Die Götter sind Weiss
- Der Räuber und der Prinz
- Liebe auf den ersten Blick ('88 Remix)
- Im Dschungel der Liebe
- Prinzessin
- Greif nach den Sternen
- Kebabträume
- Die Lippe
- Als wär's das letzte Mal
- Der Mussolini (original version)
- Liebe auf den ersten Blick (original version)
D.A.F.
ALBUMS
- Promo Only: Hot Video, August 2013 released: 2013
- Intelligent Toys: We Make Music released: 2010
- Intelligent Toys 4 released: 2007
- Twitch Recordings CD #1 released: 1992
Promo Only: Hot Video, August 2013
Released 2013- Treasure
- We Can’t Stop (Promo Only clean edit)
- Everything Has Changed
- Bang Bang (Great Gatsby version)
- Gold Rush
- Millionaires
- Metropolis
- What About Love
- Summertime Sadness
- Chloe (You’re the One I Want)
- Everybody Knows (Dirtbag radio edit)
- Made in America
- Summer Forever
- Cameron
- I’m Alive (Life Sounds Like)
- Things Can Only Get Better
- Hey Now
- Easy
- Hold On
- Reload
- I’m Out
- Bugatti
- No New Friends (clean version)
- LoveHate Thing (clean radio edit)
- V.S.O.P.
- Tears Always Win
- Reason to Hate
- Street Dreamin’
- Headband
- Upper Echelon
- Beautiful
- Up in the Air
- Solid Ground
- There’s No Going Back
- God Is Dead?
- Fire, Fire (clean version)
- Pompeii
- Sail
- Royals
- I Got You
Intelligent Toys 4
Released 2007- Dried Flowers, Mirrored World
- Vorm ja praegu
- Dodvaegt
- Lumi
- Nidae
- Odyssey
- The Upper Clouds in the Water
- Caffeine
- Panama!
- Delucht (Lacklustermx)
- IDK
- Terra Det (Multiplex remix)
- Sunset Rust
- Tokyo Doesn't Love Us Anymore
- Dreams
- Skyline
- Otvertka dva
- 0000001
- Only to Make Ammends
- Bion Glent
- Bilder
- Octane
- Mulch
- Listen Through da Window
- Song About Love (feat. Jazzu & Darius Zickus)
- My Imaginary Band
- Singing Hello (feat. Francois)
- Inflow
Daf
ALBUMS
- This Is Everybody Too released: 2004
Daf
ALBUMS
- Carte blanche released: 2010
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Die Kleinen und Bösen
by: D.A.F.para bailar la bamba. para bailar la bamba. se necesita un poco de gracia.
se necesita un poco de gracia. y unas cositas. y unas cositas mas. um zu
tanzen. um zu tanzen. braucht man ein bisschen witz. ein bisschen witz und
einige kleinigkeiten mehr. und etwas mehr. if you want to dance. if you
want to dance. you need a little bit of drive. a little bit of drive. and
a few things more. un poco de gracia. c. haas synth. g. delgado-lopez
gesang text.
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