Closure (business)
Closure is the term used to refer to the actions necessary when it is no longer necessary or possible for a business or other organization to continue to operate. Closure may be the result of a bankruptcy, where the organization lacks sufficient funds to continue operations, as a result of the proprietor of the business dying, as a result of a business being purchased by another organization (or a competitor) and shut down as superfluous, or because it is the non-surviving entity in a corporate merger. A closure may occur because the purpose for which the organization was created is no longer necessary.
While a closure is typically of a business or a non-profit organization, any entity which is created by human beings can be subject to a closure, from a single church to a whole religion, up to and including an entire country if, for some reason, it ceases to exist.
Closures are of two types, voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary closures of organizations are much rarer than involuntary ones, as, in the absence of some change making operations impossible or unnecessary, most operations will continue until something happens that causes a change requiring this situation.
Deductive closure
Deductive closure is a property of a set of objects (usually the objects in question are statements). A set of objects, O, is said to exhibit closure or to be closed under a given operation, R, provided that for every object, x, if x is a member of O and x is R-related to any object, y, then y is a member of O. In the context of statements, a deductive closure is the set of all the statements that can be deduced from a given set of statements.
In propositional logic, the set of all true propositions exhibits deductive closure: if set O is the set of true propositions, and operation R is logical consequence (“
”), then provided that proposition p is a member of O and p is R-related to q (i.e., p q), q is also a member of O.
Epistemic closure
In epistemology, many philosophers have and continue to debate whether particular subsets of propositions—especially ones ascribing knowledge or justification of a belief to a subject—are closed under deduction.
References
Epistemic closure
Epistemic closure is a property of some belief systems. It is the principle that if a subject 
knows 
, and knows that entails 
, then can thereby come to know . Most epistemological theories involve a closure principle and many skeptical arguments assume a closure principle.
On the other hand, some epistemologists, including Robert Nozick, have denied closure principles on the basis of reliabilist accounts of knowledge. Nozick, in Philosophical Explanations, advocated that, when considering the Gettier problem, the least counter-intuitive assumption we give up should be epistemic closure. Nozick suggested a "truth tracking" theory of knowledge, in which the x was said to know P if x's belief in P tracked the truth of P through the relevant modal scenarios.
A subject may not actually believe q, for example, regardless of whether he or she is justified or warranted. Thus, one might instead say that knowledge is closed under known deduction: if, while knowing p, S believes q because S knows that p entails q, then S knows q. An even stronger formulation would be as such: If, while knowing various propositions, S believes p because S knows that these propositions entail p, then S knows p. While the principle of epistemic closure is generally regarded as intuitive, philosophers such as Robert Nozick and Fred Dretske have argued against it.
Jinx
A jinx, in popular superstition and folklore, is:
The superstition can also be referenced when talking about a future event with too much confidence. A statement such as "We're sure to win the contest!" can be seen as a jinx because it tempts fate, thereby bringing bad luck. The event itself is referred to as "jinxed".
In a similar way, calling attention to good fortune – e.g. noting that a certain athlete is having a streak of particularly good fortune – is thought to "jinx" it. If the good fortune ends immediately afterward, the jinx is then blamed for the turn of events, often seriously.
Jinx (band)
Jinx is a Croatian pop band from Zagreb which was formed in 1993.
They began their career under the name "High Jinx" coming from a concert in a Zagreb night-club Saloon.
The members of Jinx are guitarist Coco Mosquito, vocalist Jadranka Bastajic Yaya, drummer Berko Muratovic, keyboardist Mr. Goody, trumpet player Igor Pavlica and bassist Adam Matijasevic. Former members of the band are Goony, Kiky the Kid, bassist Samir Kadribasic, trumpet player Rudi and saxophone player Jordes.
The prefix "High" was dropped in 1995, since all fans who attended their first gigs referred to them solely as Jinx. Their first album, Sextasy, was released in English. Berko and Samir joined the band in 1996. In 1997, Jinx signed their first record contract with Aquarius Records and released their second album called Second Hand. In 2001, Percussionist Boris Popov joined the band.
Jinx disbanded in 2002 and made a comeback in 2007 with the album Na zapadu (In the West), having signed with Dallas Records.
Jinx (Cabot novel)
Jinx is a 2007 young adult novel by American author Meg Cabot. The novel has darker themes than Cabot's earlier best-selling The Princess Diaries series of novels.
Plot summary
Jean "Jinx" Honeychurch is a sixteen-year-old girl from Iowa. Being certain that she was born with bad luck, she goes to stay with her Aunt Evelyn and Uncle Ted in Manhattan, New York because her ex-boyfriend is stalking her. Her cousin Tory is convinced that Jean must join her coven of witches to add to the power. Jean denies being a witch, and refuses to join them. This angers Tory, causing her to seek payback. Jean also meets a guy both she and Tory have affection for, Zack. This along with the witch thing puts Tory in a blind rage and she decides to plot against Jinx in more ways than the walls of the preppy school of Chapman where they all attend high school. At a school dance Tory flys jeans ex to town, which sends Jean into a panic attack. She then returnes home and Tory ties Jean up to cut her and drink her blood and take Jean's powers. Zack come out and rescues Jean, who then exposes Tory for what she really is. Then Tory is sent to boot camp and Jean and Zack end up dating.
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