Boiling is the rapid vaporization of a liquid, which occurs when a liquid is heated to its boiling point, the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding atmosphere. There are two main types of boiling; nucleate boiling where small bubbles of vapor form at discrete points, and critical heat flux boiling where the boiling surface is heated above a certain critical temperature and a film of vapor forms on the surface. Transition boiling is an intermediate, unstable form of boiling with elements of both types. The boiling point of water is 100 °C or 212 °F, but is lower with the decreased atmospheric pressure found at higher altitudes.
Boiling water is used as a method of making it potable by killing microbes that may be present. The sensitivity of different micro-organisms to heat varies, but if water is held at 70 °C (158 °F) for ten minutes, many organisms are killed, but some are more resistant to heat and require one minute at the boiling point of water. Clostridium spores can survive this treatment, but as the infection caused by this microbe is not water-borne, this is not a problem.
Brewing is the production of beer by steeping a starch source (commonly cereal grains, the most popular of which is barley) in water and fermenting the resulting sweet liquid with yeast. It may be done in a brewery by a commercial brewer, at home by a homebrewer, or by a variety of traditional methods such as communally by the indigenous peoples in Brazil when making cauim. Brewing has taken place since around the 6th millennium BC, and archaeological evidence suggests that emerging civilizations including ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia brewed beer. Since the nineteenth century the brewing industry has been part of most western economies.
The basic ingredients of beer are water and a fermentable starch source such as malted barley. Most beer is fermented with a brewer's yeast and flavoured with hops. Less widely used starch sources include millet, sorghum and cassava. Secondary sources (adjuncts), such as maize (corn), rice, or sugar, may also be used, sometimes to reduce cost, or to add a feature, such as adding wheat to aid in retaining the foamy head of the beer. The proportion of each starch source in a beer recipe is collectively called the grain bill.
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India took a raft of punitive diplomatic measures against arch-rival Pakistan on Wednesday, accusing Islamabad of supporting "cross-border terrorism" after a deadly attack on civilians in Kashmir....
The city of Logan on Wednesday issued a boil order until further notice for NorthWood Street and GlenwoodDrive, due to maintenance on a water main. There are 43 services affected ... .
Prince William, Queen Camilla accused of blocking Harry's return to royal family ... The 77-year-old is reportedly boiling with rage at the thought of Harry visiting King Charles, according to RadarOnline ... .
In a recent update, a severe heatwave has engulfed Telangana and several other regions across India. The temperatures have gone beyond 44°C in many places ... Nirmal recorded a blistering 44.5°C, one of the highest so far ... .
Boiling Springs’ Kayla Fry’s RBI game-winning single to left was the difference Monday afternoon as it drove in Peyton Lawyer to win the contest 4-3....
Ryland Yinger helped NorthernYork snap a two-game skid Monday, ripping a double and home run as the Polar Bears defeated Colonial rival Boiling Springs 3-1 ....
Photo. Getty Images. A�boil water notice�remains in place for the greater Greymouth area, as the council continues work to identify the source of bacterial contamination in the water supply ... .