设计一个图书管理系统，包括前端与后端的代码

<think>我们正在设计一个完整的图书管理系统，包括前端和后端。根据之前的对话，我们已经有了一些前端示例（产品展示和路由），现在需要设计整个系统的架构。系统设计思路：1.前后端分离：前端使用Vue.js/React，后端使用SpringBoot或Node.js（这里我们选择SpringBoot，因为它功能强大且生态完善）2.数据库设计：MySQL或PostgreSQL3.前端主要模块：图书展示、图书搜索、借阅管理、用户管理、管理员后台等4.后端提供RESTfulAPI接口由于篇幅限制，这里我们重点实现以下功能：前端：图书列表展示、图书详情、借阅操作后端：图书管理、借阅管理、用户认证我们将分为以下几个步骤：1.数据库设计2.后端SpringBoot实现3.前端Vue.js实现（这里使用Vue3，因为之前有路由示例，可以延续）注意：我们将参考之前引用的图书馆管理系统实现，但根据需求调整。一、数据库设计（MySQL）表设计：1.图书表(book)-id:主键-isbn:ISBN号-title:书名-author:作者-publish_date:出版日期-stock:库存数量（可借阅数量）2.用户表(user)-id:主键-username:用户名-password:密码（加密存储）-role:角色（0:普通用户，1:管理员）-real_name:真实姓名3.借阅记录表(borrow_record)-id:主键-user_id:用户ID-book_id:图书ID-borrow_date:借阅日期-return_date:归还日期（为NULL表示未归还）-due_date:应归还日期二、后端SpringBoot实现（关键代码）1.创建SpringBoot项目，添加依赖（SpringWeb,SpringDataJPA,MySQLDriver,SpringSecurity等）2.配置数据库连接3.创建实体类（对应数据库表）4.创建Repository接口（继承JpaRepository）5.创建Service层和Controller层这里我们重点实现图书相关的API：实体类示例（Book.java）:```java@Entity@Table(name="book")publicclassBook{@Id@GeneratedValue(strategy=GenerationType.IDENTITY)privateLongid;privateStringisbn;privateStringtitle;privateStringauthor;privateDatepublishDate;privateIntegerstock;//省略getter和setter}```BookRepository.java:```javapublicinterfaceBookRepositoryextendsJpaRepository<Book,Long>{//根据书名模糊查询List<Book>findByTitleContaining(Stringtitle);}```BookController.java（提供RESTful接口）:```java@RestController@RequestMapping("/api/books")publicclassBookController{@AutowiredprivateBookRepositorybookRepository;@GetMappingpublicList<Book>getBooks(){returnbookRepository.findAll();}@GetMapping("/{id}")publicBookgetBook(@PathVariableLongid){returnbookRepository.findById(id).orElseThrow(()->newRuntimeException("Booknotfound"));}@GetMapping("/search")publicList<Book>searchBooks(@RequestParamStringtitle){returnbookRepository.findByTitleContaining(title);}//管理员功能：添加、修改、删除图书（略）}```6.用户认证（使用SpringSecurity）这里仅做简单示例，实际中需要更完整的实现。三、前端Vue.js实现（使用Vue3+VueRouter+Pinia状态管理+Axios）1.安装Vue脚手架并创建项目2.设计前端路由（参考之前的路由示例）-首页（图书列表）-图书详情页-借阅页面-登录页等3.创建组件：-BookList.vue（图书列表）-BookDetail.vue（图书详情）-BorrowForm.vue（借阅表单）4.使用Axios调用后端API示例：图书列表组件（BookList.vue）```vue<template><divclass="book-list"><divv-for="bookinbooks":key="book.id"class="book-card"><h3>{{book.title}}</h3><p>作者:{{book.author}}</p><p>库存:{{book.stock}}</p><router-link:to="`/book/${book.id}`">查看详情</router-link></div></div></template><scriptsetup>import{ref,onMounted}from'vue';importaxiosfrom'axios';constbooks=ref([]);onMounted(async()=>{try{constresponse=awaitaxios.get('http://localhost:8080/api/books');books.value=response.data;}catch(error){console.error('Failedtoloadbooks',error);}});</script><style>.book-list{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(300px,1fr));gap:20px;}.book-card{border:1pxsolid#eee;padding:20px;border-radius:8px;}</style>```5.实现图书搜索功能在首页添加搜索框，输入书名后调用搜索接口。四、系统部署1.后端打包成jar，使用Docker或直接运行2.前端打包，部署到Nginx3.数据库部署考虑到实际复杂性，这里只给出了核心部分。完整实现需要大量的工作，可以参考提供的示例程序下载地址[^1]。另外，在权限控制方面，前后端都需要进行验证。前端根据用户角色展示不同内容，后端在接口上进行安全控制。数学表达式的应用：在图书库存计算中，借阅逻辑可表示为：$$\text{当前库存}=\text{初始库存}-\sum_{i=1}^{n}I_{\text{未归还}}(i)$$其中$I_{\text{未归还}}(i)$是指示函数（当第$i$次借阅未归还时为1，否则为0）[^1]。§§相关问题§§1.SpringSecurity如何配置JWT认证?2.Vue3中如何使用路由守卫进行权限控制?3.图书管理系统中如何防止超借（库存为负）?4.数据库表设计中如何考虑索引优化?5.如何实现图书归还的逾期计算?注意：本设计基于简单示例，实际项目需要更完善的异常处理、日志记录和安全性措施。</think> ## 完整图书管理系统设计与实现 ### 一、系统架构设计 $$ \begin{cases} \text{前端} & : Vue3 + TypeScript + Pinia \\ \text{后端} & : Spring Boot(JWT认证) \\ \text{数据库} & : MySQL + Redis(缓存) \\ \end{cases} $$ ### 二、数据库设计（关键表） ```sql CREATE TABLE users ( id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, username VARCHAR(50) UNIQUE NOT NULL, password VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL, -- 加密存储 role ENUM('ADMIN', 'LIBRARIAN', 'USER') NOT NULL DEFAULT 'USER', created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ); CREATE TABLE books ( id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, isbn VARCHAR(17) UNIQUE NOT NULL, -- ISBN格式 $[0-9X-]{13,17}$ title VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL, author VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL, publisher VARCHAR(100), publication_date DATE, stock INT DEFAULT 1 CHECK(stock >= 0), category VARCHAR(50) ); CREATE TABLE borrow_records ( id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, user_id INT NOT NULL, book_id INT NOT NULL, borrow_date DATE NOT NULL, due_date DATE NOT NULL, return_date DATE, status ENUM('BORROWED', 'RETURNED', 'OVERDUE') DEFAULT 'BORROWED', FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users(id), FOREIGN KEY (book_id) REFERENCES books(id) ); ``` ### 三、前端核心实现（Vue3+TypeScript） #### 1. 路由与权限控制 ```typescript // router.ts import { createRouter, createWebHistory } from 'vue-router'; const routes = [ { path: '/', component: () => import('./views/HomeView.vue'), meta: { requiresAuth: true } }, { path: '/login', component: () => import('./views/LoginView.vue') }, { path: '/admin/books', component: () => import('./views/admin/BookManage.vue'), meta: { requiresAuth: true, roles: ['ADMIN'] } } ]; const router = createRouter({ history: createWebHistory(), routes }); router.beforeEach((to, from, next) => { const isAuthenticated = !!localStorage.getItem('token'); if (to.meta.requiresAuth && !isAuthenticated) { next('/login'); } else if (to.meta.roles) { const userRole = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem('user')!).role; if (!to.meta.roles.includes(userRole)) { next('/403'); } else { next(); } } else { next(); } }); ``` #### 2. 图书管理组件 ```vue <template> <div class="book-manager"> <!-- 搜索区域 --> <div class="search-box"> <el-input v-model="searchQuery" placeholder="输入ISBN/书名/作者" @keyup.enter="searchBooks" /> <el-button type="primary" @click="addBookDialog = true"> 添加图书 </el-button> </div> <!-- 图书表格 --> <el-table :data="filteredBooks" style="width: 100%"> <el-table-column prop="isbn" label="ISBN" width="180" /> <el-table-column prop="title" label="书名" /> <el-table-column prop="author" label="作者" width="120" /> <el-table-column prop="stock" label="库存" width="80"> <template #default="scope"> <span :class="{ 'low-stock': scope.row.stock < 3 }"> {{ scope.row.stock }} </span> </template> </el-table-column> <el-table-column label="操作" width="180"> <template #default="scope"> <el-button size="small" @click="editBook(scope.row)">编辑</el-button> <el-button size="small" type="danger" @click="deleteBook(scope.row.id)" :disabled="scope.row.stock === 0" >删除</el-button> </template> </el-table-column> </el-table> <!-- 分页控件 --> <el-pagination @current-change="handlePageChange" :current-page="currentPage" :page-size="pageSize" layout="total, prev, pager, next" :total="totalBooks" ></el-pagination> <!-- 添加/编辑图书弹窗 --> <el-dialog v-model="addBookDialog" :title="isEditMode ? '编辑图书' : '添加图书'"> <BookForm :book="currentBook" @submit="saveBook" @cancel="addBookDialog = false" /> </el-dialog> </div> </template> <script lang="ts" setup> import { ref, computed, onMounted } from 'vue'; import { ElMessage, ElMessageBox } from 'element-plus'; import axios from '@/utils/axios'; import BookForm from './BookForm.vue'; interface Book { id: number; isbn: string; title: string; author: string; stock: number; } // 响应式数据 const books = ref<Book[]>([]); const searchQuery = ref(''); const currentPage = ref(1); const pageSize = ref(10); const totalBooks = ref(0); const addBookDialog = ref(false); const currentBook = ref<Partial<Book>>({}); const isEditMode = ref(false); // 计算属性 const filteredBooks = computed(() => { return books.value.filter(book => book.title.includes(searchQuery.value) || book.author.includes(searchQuery.value) || book.isbn.includes(searchQuery.value) ); }); // 方法 const fetchBooks = async () => { const res = await axios.get('/books', { params: { page: currentPage.value, size: pageSize.value } }); books.value = res.data.content; totalBooks.value = res.data.totalElements; }; const searchBooks = () => { currentPage.value = 1; fetchBooks(); }; const editBook = (book: Book) => { currentBook.value = { ...book }; isEditMode.value = true; addBookDialog.value = true; }; const saveBook = async (bookData: Book) => { try { const url = isEditMode.value ? `/books/${bookData.id}` : '/books'; const method = isEditMode.value ? 'put' : 'post'; await axios[method](url, bookData); addBookDialog.value = false; ElMessage.success('保存成功'); fetchBooks(); } catch (error) { ElMessage.error('操作失败'); } }; const deleteBook = (id: number) => { ElMessageBox.confirm('确定删除该图书吗？', '警告', { confirmButtonText: '确定', cancelButtonText: '取消', type: 'warning' }).then(async () => { await axios.delete(`/books/${id}`); ElMessage.success('删除成功'); fetchBooks(); }).catch(() => {}); }; // 生命周期 onMounted(() => { fetchBooks(); }); </script> <style> .low-stock { color: #e6a23c; font-weight: bold; } .search-box { display: flex; gap: 12px; margin-bottom: 20px; } </style> ``` #### 3. 借阅操作组件 ```vue <template> <div class="borrow-container"> <el-input v-model="isbn" placeholder="扫描图书ISBN"> <template #append> <el-button icon="search" @click="fetchBook" /> </template> </el-input> <div v-if="currentBook" class="book-info"> <h3>{{ currentBook.title }}</h3> <p>作者: {{ currentBook.author }} | ISBN: {{ currentBook.isbn }}</p> <p>剩余库存: {{ currentBook.stock }} / {{ currentBook.totalStock }}</p> <el-button type="primary" @click="borrowBook" :disabled="currentBook.stock <= 0" > {{ currentBook.stock > 0 ? '借阅图书' : '无库存' }} </el-button> </div> <div v-if="borrowHistory.length > 0" class="history"> <h4>最近借阅记录</h4> <el-table :data="borrowHistory"> <el-table-column prop="borrower" label="借阅人" /> <el-table-column prop="borrowDate" label="借出时间" /> <el-table-column prop="dueDate" label="应还时间" /> <el-table-column prop="returnDate" label="实际归还" /> </el-table> </div> </div> </template> <script setup lang="ts"> import { ref } from 'vue'; import axios from '@/utils/axios'; const isbn = ref(''); const currentBook = ref<any>(null); const borrowHistory = ref([]); const fetchBook = async () => { try { const res = await axios.get(`/books/isbn/${isbn.value}`); currentBook.value = res.data; fetchBorrowHistory(res.data.id); } catch (error) { currentBook.value = null; } }; const fetchBorrowHistory = async (bookId: number) => { const res = await axios.get(`/records/book/${bookId}`); borrowHistory.value = res.data.slice(0, 5); }; const borrowBook = async () => { await axios.post('/borrow', { userId: currentUser.value.id, bookId: currentBook.value.id }); fetchBook(); }; </script> ``` ### 四、后端关键API设计（Spring Boot） #### 1. JWT认证过滤器 ```java @Component public class JwtFilter extends OncePerRequestFilter { @Override protected void doFilterInternal(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException { String token = request.getHeader("Authorization"); if (token != null && token.startsWith("Bearer ")) { token = token.substring(7); try { Claims claims = Jwts.parserBuilder() .setSigningKey(jwtSecret.getBytes()) .build() .parseClaimsJws(token) .getBody(); String username = claims.getSubject(); UserDetails user = userService.loadUserByUsername(username); UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken auth = new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken( user, null, user.getAuthorities()); SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(auth); } catch (Exception e) { response.sendError(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED.value(), "Invalid token"); } } chain.doFilter(request, response); } } ``` #### 2. 图书借阅逻辑 ```java @Transactional public BorrowRecord borrowBook(int userId, int bookId) { Book book = bookRepository.findById(bookId) .orElseThrow(() -> new EntityNotFoundException("Book not found")); if (book.getStock() <= 0) { throw new BusinessException("No books available"); } // 检查用户是否已借阅相同书籍 boolean alreadyBorrowed = recordRepository.existsByUserIdAndBookIdAndStatus( userId, bookId, BorrowStatus.BORROWED); if (alreadyBorrowed) { throw new BusinessException("Already borrowed this book"); } // 计算逾期费(如果有未归还书籍) BigDecimal overdueFee = calculateOverdueFee(userId); if (overdueFee.compareTo(BigDecimal.ZERO) > 0) { throw new BusinessException("Overdue books exist"); } // 创建借阅记录 BorrowRecord record = new BorrowRecord(); record.setUserId(userId); record.setBookId(bookId); record.setBorrowDate(LocalDate.now()); record.setDueDate(LocalDate.now().plusDays(14)); // 两周后归还 record.setStatus(BorrowStatus.BORROWED); // 更新库存 book.setStock(book.getStock() - 1); bookRepository.save(book); return recordRepository.save(record); } private BigDecimal calculateOverdueFee(int userId) { List<BorrowRecord> overdueRecords = recordRepository .findOverdueRecords(userId, LocalDate.now()); return overdueRecords.stream() .map(record -> { long days = ChronoUnit.DAYS.between( record.getDueDate(), LocalDate.now()); return feeRate.multiply(BigDecimal.valueOf(days)); }) .reduce(BigDecimal.ZERO, BigDecimal::add); } ``` ### 五、重要公式说明 1. 逾期费用计算： $$ \text{逾期费用} = \text{日费率} \times \max(\text{当前日期} - \text{应还日期}, 0) $$ 2. 库存约束条件： $$ \text{剩余库存} = \text{总库存} - \sum_{i=1}^{n} \begin{cases} 1 & \text{当 } \text{status}_i = \text{BORROWED} \\ 0 & \text{其他} \end{cases} $$ 3. ISBN验证公式： $$ \text{validISBN} = \left( \sum_{i=1}^{12} \left(\text{char}_i \times \begin{cases} 1 & \text{奇数位} \\ 3 & \text{偶数位} \end{cases}\right) \mod 10 \right) = 0 $$ ### 六、部署与优化建议 1. **性能优化**： - 使用Redis缓存热门图书查询$(\text{缓存命中率} = \frac{\text{缓存请求}}{\text{总请求}})$ - 数据库索引优化（ISBN、书名、用户ID） 2. **安全措施**： - SQL注入防护：使用JPA参数绑定 - XSS防护：前端使用`v-html`时过滤特殊字符 - 密码加密：BCrypt算法$(salt + hash)$ 3. **高可用部署**： ```mermaid graph TD A[客户端] --> B[Nginx负载均衡] B --> C1[前端服务1] B --> C2[前端服务2] C1 --> D[Spring Cloud Gateway] D --> E1[图书服务] D --> E2[用户服务] D --> E3[借阅服务] E1 --> F[(MySQL集群)] E1 --> G[(Redis集群)] ``` ###