FOUR DIRECTIONS INSTITUTE

The Modoc were a hunter/gatherer tribe. They lived on Little Klamath Lake, Modoc Lake, Tule Lake, Clear Lake, Goose Lake and in the Lost River Valley. The tribe came into contact with Whites at a relatively late period. They had conflicts with the Whites, their closest relatives, the Klamath, and they conducted slaving raids against the Achomawi. They were defeated in the Modoc War at the Lava Beds in California and many were removed to Oklahoma.

Year	*History*
1841	Influx of Oregon Trail settlers began, conflicts followed
1864	Ceded lands and retired to Klamath reservation; soon removed due to starvation and tensions with Klamath
1870	Chief Kintpuash (Captain Jack) led militant band back to California
1871	Began practice of Ghost Dance
1872	Attempts to force return to Oregon began Modoc War, Modocs retreated to lava beds for months, finally overrun, Kintpuash and 3 others hanged, 2 sent to Alcatraz, 153 sent to Quapaw Agency in Oklahoma, others to Klamath
1909	Several Oklahoma Modoc allowed to return to Klamath Agency
1954	Oklahoma and Oregon Modoc tribes terminated
1978	Oklahoma Modoc Tribes reinstated

Modoc Sites

Alcatraz History - The Story of Indian Inmates http://www.nps.gov/alcatraz/tours/hopi/hopi-g1.htm

Bibliography of Klamath - Modoc Linguistics http://www.uoregon.edu/~delancey/bib/klambib.html

Butte Valley: A Brief History http://www.buttevalleychamber.com/history.htm

Captain Jack, Chief of the Modoc Indians http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/nativekids/jack.htm

Captain Jack's Stronghold http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/5views/5views1h11.htm

Dorris, Michael: Biography http://teacher.scholastic.com/authorsandbooks/authors/dorris/bio.htm

Dorris, Michael: Native American Authors Project http://www.ipl.org/cgi/ref/native/browse.pl/A32

Forced Relocation http://www.1849.org/ggg/relocation.html

Kaitchkona Woman - Modoc http://www.powersource.com/gallery/womansp/winema.html

Klamath Indians of Southern Oregon http://www.outdoors.net/magazines/outdoors/camping/nationalparks/craterlake/klintro.asp

Klamath - Modoc Baskets http://www.californiabaskets.com/pages/klamathhome.html

Klamath-Modoc Language http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=KLA

Klamath - Modoc Linguistics Page http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~delancey/klamath.html

Modoc Bibliography http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/cilc/bibs/modoc.html

The Modoc Indians - A Native American Saga http://www.cheewa.com/modocart.htm

Modoc - SFSU Narrative http://bss.sfsu.edu/calstudies/NativeWebPages/modoc.html

Modoc War, 1872-1873 http://www.onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1800s/yr70/fmodoc1872.htm

Modoc War, 1872-1873 http://www.militarymuseum.org/Modoc1.html

Modoc War - Brief History http://www.nps.gov/labe/modoc.htm

Modoc War Fortifications http://www.r5.fs.fed.us/heritage/081.HTM

Modoc War Scene: SF Chronicle Correspondent Taking Notes While Guarded by Two Scouts http://www.nara.gov/nara/nn/nns/west004.jpg

Modoc War - Subject Guide http://www.oit.edu/library/shawmwguide.htm

Modoc War - Teaching Aide http://education.opb.org/learning/ofg/modoc/

Native Tribes of Siskiyou County http://www.snowcrest.net/freemanl/atlas/native.html#intro

*Ethnie:*	MODOC
*Language:*	Lutuamian
*Family:*	Lutuamian
*Stock:*	Shapwailutan
*Phylum:*	Macro-Penutian
*Macro-Culture:*	Transition: Great Basin, Central Valley, Northwest California

Year	Population	Source
1700	800	NAHDB calculation
1780	400	Mooney estimate
1780	800	Kroeber estimate
1800	800	NAHDB calculation
1900	300	NAHDB calculation
1905	278	Official
1910	329	Census
1937	329	U. S. Indian Office
1989	102	BIA
2000	500	NAHDB calculation