Kushon-Sosoniylar qirolligi

Kushon-Sosoniylar qirolligi (yoki Indo-Sosoniylar) – 3-4-asrlarda Sosoniylar imperiyasi tomonidan Baqtriyada tashkil etilgan davlat. Sosoniylar imperiyasi 225-yilda boshlangan bir qator urushlar natijasida qulayotgan Kushon imperiyasining Soʻgʻd, Baqtriya va Gandhara viloyatlarini egallab oldi^[1]. Mahalliy Sosoniy rahbarlari keyinchalik „Kushonshoh“ yoki „Kushonlarning Podshohi“ (KΟÞANΟ ÞAΟ yoki baqtriy tilida Koshano Shao^[2]) unvonini olgan va tangalar zarb etishni boshlagan. Ular baʼzan Sosoniylar imperiyasi tarkibida „ostqirollik“ ni tashkil etganlar^[3].

Bu boshqaruv 360—370-yillargacha davom etgan^[1], shu vaqtda Kushon-Sosoniylar koʻp hududlarini bosqinchi Kidariylarga boy berib qoʻygan. Qolgan yerlari esa toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri Sosoniylar imperiyasiga oʻtgan^[4]. Keyinchalik, Kidariylar oʻz navbatida Eftaliylar tomonidan siqib chiqarildi^[5].

Kushonshohlar asosan oʻzlarining tangalari orqali tanilgan. Tangalari Kobul, Balx, Hirot va Marvda zarb qilingan boʻlib, bu ularning hukmronlik hududining kengligini koʻrsatadi^[6].

„Kushon shahanshoh“ (maʼnosi: Kushonlar podsholari podshosi) unvoni bilan tanga chiqargan Hormizd I Kushonshohning (277–286) qoʻzgʻoloni Sosoniylar imperiyasining zamondoshi Bahrom II (276–293) ga qarshi boʻlgan. Ammo muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchragan^[7].

Tarixi

Parfiyaliklar ustidan qozonilgan gʻalabadan koʻp oʻtmay, Sosoniylar milodiy 230-yillarda Ardashir I davrida oʻz hukmronligini Baqtriyagagacha kengaytirdi. Keyin uning oʻgʻli Shopur I (240–270) davrida hukmronlik gʻarbiy Pokistondagi imperiyasining sharqiy qismlariga qadar kengaytirildi. Shunday qilib, Kushonlar oʻzlarining gʻarbiy hududlarini (shu jumladan, Baqtriya va Gandhara) Sosoniy zodagonlari boʻlmish Kushonshohlar oʻtkazganlar. Kushon-Sosoniylarning sharqdagi eng uzoq chegarasi Gandhara boʻlganga oʻxshaydi. Aftidan ular Hind daryosidan oʻtmaganlar. Chunki Hind daryosidan biroz naridagi Taksila shahrida ularning tangalaridan deyarli hech biri topilmagan^[8].

Hormizd I Kushonshoh boshchiligidagi Kushon-Sosoniylar Sosoniylar imperiyasining zamondosh imperatori Bahrom II (276-293) ga qarshi isyon koʻtargan koʻrinadi. Ammo natija muvaffaqiyatsizlik bilan yakun topgan^[9]. Hormizd I Kushonshoh, ehtimol imperiyadagi Sosoniylar hokimiyatiga qarshi chiqish maqsadida, „Kushonshahanshoh“^[10] nomli tangalar chiqargan^[1].

Taxminan 325-yilda, Shopur II janubiy hududning bevosita boshqaruvini oʻz qoʻliga olgan, shu bilan birga shimolda Kushonshohlar oʻz hukmronliklarini saqlab qolgan.

Diniy taʼsirlar

Shiva va Nandi tasvirlangan tangalar topilgan boʻlib, ular shaivizmning kuchli taʼsiridan dalolat beradi.

Moniylik asoschisi paygʻambar Moniy (210–276) Sosoniylarning sharqqa yurishi ortidan borib, Gandharaning gullab-yashnayotgan buddaviylik madaniyati bilan tanishish imkoniyatiga ega boʻldi. U bir nechta diniy rasmlari saqlanib qolgan Bomiyonga tashrif buyurgani va u yerda bir muddat yashab, taʼlim bergani haqida maʼlumotlar bor. Shuningdek, u 240- yoki 241-yilda Hind vodiysi hududiga sayohat qilgani va u yerda buddaviy podshoh – Hindistonning Turon shohini oʻz diniga kiritgani haqida maʼlumotlar bor^[11].

Shu munosabat bilan turli buddaviylik taʼsirlari moniylikka kirib borgani koʻrinadi: "Buddaviylik gʻoyalari Moniy diniy qarashlarining shakllanishida muhim rol oʻynagan. Ruhlarning qayta tugʻilishi moniylik eʼtiqodiga aylandi va moniylik jamoasining toʻrt qismli tuzilmasi – erkak va ayol rohiblar („saylangan“lar) hamda ularni qoʻllab-quvvatlovchi oddiy ergashuvchilar („eshituvchi“lar) oʻrtasida boʻlinishi buddaviylik sanghasiga asoslanganga oʻxshaydi"^[11].

Tangalari

Kushon-Sosoniylar Brahmi, Pahlaviy yoki Baqtriya yozuvlarida keng miqyosda tangalar chiqargan, baʼzan Kushon tangalaridan ilhomlangan. Tanganing old tomonida odatda hukmdor bosh kiyim bilan tasvirlanadi. Orqa tomonida esa yo olov ibodatxonasi, yo Shiva va Nandi tasvirlari boʻladi.

Kushon-sosoniylar hukmdori Ardashir I Kushonshoh, taxminan milodiy 230—250-yillar. Marv yalpizi.
Ardashir I Kushonshoh tasvirlangan tanga. Kushon hukmdori Vasudeva I davrida chiqarilgan. Milodiy 230-245 yillar^[12].
Hormizd I Kushonshoh tasviri^[10]
Hind-Sosoniylar tangasi.
Hind-Sosoniylarning oltin tangasi.

Kushon-Sosoniylar sanʼati

Indo-Sasaniylar kumush buyumlar va tekstillar bilan savdo-sotiq ishlarini amalga oshirishgan. Buyumlarda asosan Sosoniy imperatorlarining ov qilayotgani tasvirlangan.

Kushon-Sosoniylar idishi, 3—4-asrlar, Baqtriya, Metropolitan sanʼat muzeyi^[13].
Pokistonning Ravalpindi shahrida topilgan, lekin Kushon-Sosoniylarga tegishli ekanligi aniq boʻlmagan idish. Milodiy 350—400-yillar^[14]. Britaniya muzeyi 124093^[15]^[16].
Erkak boshi haykali. Kushan-Sosoniylar davri, Gandhara mintaqasi. Milodiy 4-5-asrlar.
Ehtimol, Kushon-Sosoniy davriga oid ov jarayoni tasvirlangan idish. Shanxi muzeyida saqlanadi. Idish 3-4-asr milodiyga tegishli va ehtimol, shimoliy Afgʻonistonda ishlab chiqarilgan^[17]^[18]^[19].

Sanʼat taʼsiri

Sosoniylar sanʼati namunasi Kushon sanʼati ustiga taʼsir koʻrsatgan va bu taʼsir janubi-sharqiy Osiyoning shimoliy-gʻarbiy qismida bir necha asr davomida mavjud boʻlgan.

Kushon-sosoniylarning asosiy hukmdorlari

Quyida kushonshohlar roʻyxati^[20]:

Ardashir I Kushonshoh (230–245)
Peroz I Kushonshoh (245–275)
Hormizd I Kushonshoh (275–300)
Hormizd II Kushonshoh (300–303)
Peroz II Kushonshoh (303–330)
Varahran Kushonshoh (330–365)

Adabiyotlar

Cribb, Joe. Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017. University of Oxford The Classical Art Research Centre Archaeopress, 2018. ISBN 978-1-78491-855-2. Andoza:Free access
Cribb, Joe (2010). Alram, M.. ed. "The Kidarites, the numismatic evidence.pdf". Coins, Art and Chronology Ii, Edited by M. Alram et al (Coins, Art and Chronology II): 91–146. https://www.academia.edu/38112559. Andoza:Free access
Daryaee, Touraj; Rezakhani, Khodadad „The Sasanian Empire“, . King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE). UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies, 2017a — 1–236-bet. ISBN 978-0-692-86440-1.
Payne, Richard (2016). "The Making of Turan: The Fall and Transformation of the Iranian East in Late Antiquity". Journal of Late Antiquity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press) 9: 4–41. doi:10.1353/jla.2016.0011. https://www.academia.edu/27438947. Andoza:Free access
Rapp, Stephen H.. The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature. London: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2014. ISBN 978-1-4724-2552-2.
Rezakhani, Khodadad „East Iran in Late Antiquity“, . ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press, 2017b — 1–256-bet. ISBN 978-1-4744-0030-5. Andoza:Registration required
Rypka, Jan; Jahn, Karl. History of Iranian literature (en). D. Reidel, 1968. ISBN 9789401034791.
Sastri, Nilakanta. A Comprehensive History of India: The Mauryas & Satavahanas (en). Orient Longmans, 1957 — 246-bet. ISBN 9788170070030.
Vaissière, Étienne de La (2016). "Kushanshahs i. History". Encyclopaedia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kushanshahs-01.
Wiesehöfer, Joseph (1986). "Ardašīr I i. History". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4. 371–376 b. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ardasir-i.

Manbalar

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3, E. Yarshater p.209 ff
↑ Rezakhani, Khodadad (2021). "From the Kushans to the Western Turks" (en). King of the Seven Climes: 204. https://www.academia.edu/32671225.
↑ The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila, Michael Maas, Cambridge University Press, 2014 p.284 ff
↑ Rezakhani 2017b, s. 83.
↑ Sasanian Seals and Sealings, Rika Gyselen, Peeters Publishers, 2007, p.1
↑ Encyclopedia Iranica
↑ The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3, E. Yarshater p.209 ff
↑ Ghosh, Amalananda. Taxila (en). CUP Archive, 1965 — 790–791-bet.
↑ The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3, E. Yarshater p.209 ff
↑ ^10,0 ^10,1 CNG Coins
↑ ^11,0 ^11,1 Richard Foltz, Religions of the Silk Road, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010
↑ CNG Coins
↑ „Metropolitan Museum of Art“. www.metmuseum.org.
↑ For the precise date: Sundermann, Werner; Hintze, Almut; Blois, François de. Exegisti Monumenta: Festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams (en). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2009 — 284, note 14-bet. ISBN 978-3-447-05937-4.
↑ „Plate British Museum“ (en). The British Museum.
↑ Sims, Vice-President Eleanor G.; Sims, Eleanor; Marshak, Boris Ilʹich; Grube, Ernst J.; I, Boris Marshak. Peerless Images: Persian Painting and Its Sources (en). Yale University Press, January 2002 — 13-bet. ISBN 978-0-300-09038-3.
↑ Carter, M.L. „Encyclopaedia Iranica“. iranicaonline.org. — „A gilt silver plate depicting a princely boar hunt, excavated from a tomb near Datong dated to 504 CE, is close to early Sasanian royal hunting plates in style and technical aspects, but diverges enough to suggest a Bactrian origin dating from the era of the Kushano-Sasanian rule (ca. 275-350 CE)“.
↑ HARPER, PRUDENCE O. (1990). "An Iranian Silver Vessel from the Tomb of Feng Hetu". Bulletin of the Asia Institute 4: 51–59. ISSN 0890-4464. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24048350.
↑ Watt, James C. Y.. China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200-750 AD (en). Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004 — 152–153-bet. ISBN 978-1-58839-126-1.
↑ Rezakhani 2017b, s. 78.

Havolalar

Kushon-Sosoniylar tangalari

[CHI-1] 1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3, E. Yarshater p.209 ff

[2] Rezakhani, Khodadad (2021). "From the Kushans to the Western Turks" (en). King of the Seven Climes: 204. https://www.academia.edu/32671225.

[Maas2-3] The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila, Michael Maas, Cambridge University Press, 2014 p.284 ff

[FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b83-4] Rezakhani 2017b, s. 83.

[SSS-5] Sasanian Seals and Sealings, Rika Gyselen, Peeters Publishers, 2007, p.1

[EI-6] Encyclopedia Iranica

[CHI4-7] The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3, E. Yarshater p.209 ff

[AG-8] Ghosh, Amalananda. Taxila (en). CUP Archive, 1965 — 790–791-bet.

[CHI3-9] The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3, E. Yarshater p.209 ff

[CNG_Coins-10] 10,0 ^10,1 CNG Coins

[ReferenceA-11] 11,0 ^11,1 Richard Foltz, Religions of the Silk Road, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010

[12] CNG Coins

[13] „Metropolitan Museum of Art“. www.metmuseum.org.

[14] For the precise date: Sundermann, Werner; Hintze, Almut; Blois, François de. Exegisti Monumenta: Festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams (en). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2009 — 284, note 14-bet. ISBN 978-3-447-05937-4.

[15] „Plate British Museum“ (en). The British Museum.

[16] Sims, Vice-President Eleanor G.; Sims, Eleanor; Marshak, Boris Ilʹich; Grube, Ernst J.; I, Boris Marshak. Peerless Images: Persian Painting and Its Sources (en). Yale University Press, January 2002 — 13-bet. ISBN 978-0-300-09038-3.

[iranicaonline_org-17] Carter, M.L. „Encyclopaedia Iranica“. iranicaonline.org. — „A gilt silver plate depicting a princely boar hunt, excavated from a tomb near Datong dated to 504 CE, is close to early Sasanian royal hunting plates in style and technical aspects, but diverges enough to suggest a Bactrian origin dating from the era of the Kushano-Sasanian rule (ca. 275-350 CE)“.

[PH-18] HARPER, PRUDENCE O. (1990). "An Iranian Silver Vessel from the Tomb of Feng Hetu". Bulletin of the Asia Institute 4: 51–59. ISSN 0890-4464. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24048350.

[19] Watt, James C. Y.. China: Dawn of a Golden Age, 200-750 AD (en). Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2004 — 152–153-bet. ISBN 978-1-58839-126-1.

[FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b78-20] Rezakhani 2017b, s. 78.

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