Books by Constanze Graml
ERGASTERIA / ΕΡΓΑΣΤΗΡΙΑ. Premises and Processes of Creation in Antiquity., 2025
The book offers insights into aspects of creation, manufacture and processing in antiquity, viewi... more The book offers insights into aspects of creation, manufacture and processing in antiquity, viewing craftsmen and artists in their socio-cultural and geopolitical setting. New finds from Greece, North Africa, the Black Sea, Italy and Central Europe provide a trigger for discussion. Bronze foundries for life-size statues were the birthplace of proportions and harmony which imbued the perception of beauty, but could also be a source of nuisance. The mastery of modelling in any material evolved from coping with constraints in the course of manufacture, and craftsmen invented ways of overcoming obstacles. Polyvalent ateliers suggest the artisans’ adaptability, in addition to their specialisation. An investigation of the first step in the process, namely the extraction of material, reveals that quarries were manned with a specialised workforce (stonecutters, sculptors) who carved the marble volumes to an advanced stage, prior to their refinement. Meticulous preparation was also crucial in the field of logistics, particularly in large-scale public works, such as temples or fortifications. Interaction of artists with architects and the workforce in general can be primarily observed in sanctuaries, which became open-air workshops of stonemasons, carpenters etc. Accordingly, part of the book is devoted to construction-sites, the mobility of craftspeople who propelled the diffusion of knowledge, and the range of practices employed in individual settings thereby allowing us to grasp both the diversity of artistic expression and the composite population that it may reflect. The mountainous, littoral, urban or suburban space in which manufacturing took place is also taken into account, along with the socio-historical context, which had an impact upon artisans, as politics and military coalitions could instigate or disrupt a creative process. Cases of adaptive reuse are evaluated from the viewpoint of aesthetics, ergonomics, managerial issues concerning spolia, and the technical skills required. The book benefits from the intersection of the contributors’ perspectives, mirroring the multifaceted nature of the topic.
Philippika - Altertumswissenschaftliche Abhandlungen / Contributions to the Study of Ancient World Cultures 136, 2020
available now: https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/titel_6425.ahtml
In 1890, a newly discovered... more available now: https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/titel_6425.ahtml
In 1890, a newly discovered sanctuary was excavated in the necropolis of the famous Kerameikos of Athens. Guided by the ancient written sources and the expectations of his day, the excavator Kyriakos Mylonas interpreted the precinct as an Imperial Roman sanctuary of the goddess Hekate. In ancient texts, this deity is commonly associated with magical rituals and binding spells, and lead tablets used for such purposes have been found in graves all over the Greek world, including those of the Kerameikos necropolis. Due to the location of the sanctuary among the tombs and Mylonas’ interpretation of the site as belonging to this striking deity, researchers came to treat it as an unambiguously attested cult place of Hekate, even though the archaeological discoveries had not yet been fully published.
This volume is dedicated to this task. By conducting an in-depth analysis of the site’s entangled excavation and research history together with a new investigation of the actual archaeological findings, Constanze Graml not only re-dates the district to the Hellenistic period, but also reassigns it to the goddess Artemis Soteira. Based on these results, the sanctuary’s embedding and role in the cult topography of Athens and Attica can finally be seen in new light.
Rethinking Athens Before the Persian Wars, 2019
available now: https://www.utzverlag.de/catalog/book/44813
In recent years, scholarly interest... more available now: https://www.utzverlag.de/catalog/book/44813
In recent years, scholarly interest in Ancient Athens has been enlivened by spectacular archaeological discoveries. The new finds from the pre-Classical city called for a synoptic reassessment of the material remains, their interpretation and the previous methodological approaches, since the dense records of later historical phases had shaped the perception of Athens before the Persian Wars. Under theses premises, the International Workshop held at the Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München in February 2017 invited its participants to rethink early Athens. The papers assembled in this volume aim to question traditional perspectives and offer a multidisciplinary framework for the discussion of archaeological, literary and epigraphical testimonia.
Papers by Constanze Graml
Hartmann, Andreas, Rieger, Anna-Katharina und Schliephake, Christopher (Hrsg.): »Ressourcen der Resilienz« in der Antike: Materielle, performative und narrative Praktiken und Strategien, Heidelberg: Propylaeum, 2025 (LEIZA Publications, Band 6)., 2025
The fully formed polis of Athens faced many critical events from the time of her emergence in the... more The fully formed polis of Athens faced many critical events from the time of her emergence in the late Iron Age to the period of her inclusion into the Roman Empire. Stress in the lived world resulted in approaches to the divine sphere: religious practices or cult places were created, added onto or even abandoned. With this paper, I aim to demonstrate that Athenian religion was on the one hand crucial for the resilience of the polis community in the face of crisis. The Athenians turned to divine aid when they felt overwhelmingly and immediately threatened. And also in retrospect, religion was used as a strategy in handling the perception of an overcome crisis. On the other hand, Athenian religion itself features systemic resilience, which is rooted in the multidimensional embedding of cult places and ritual practices into Athenian topography and society, making it a vital part of the »lived world«. Based on observations made on several researched case studies from critical events during the Classical period, some insights on the lesser studied Hellenistic period – often understood as a period of decline and permanent crisis – will be provided and used to illustrate that besides pro-active resilience through regular worship, several re-active resilience strategies were used in the polis after her heyday.
Open Archaeology, 2024
OPEN ACESS: https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/opar-2024-0018/html
The massive amoun... more OPEN ACESS: https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/opar-2024-0018/html
The massive amount of rock-cut monuments along the slopes of the acropolis hill of Philippi in ancient Macedon has received scholarly attention since the first expeditions and following excavation and research campaigns conducted by the French School at Athens in the nineteenth century. The documentation of these peculiar monuments, comprising images in relief, etchings, inscriptions, and empty niches, consists of very few early drawings, photographs of single objects and sometimes of clusters of neighboring monuments, maps documenting the monuments' location along the slopes of the acropolis rock (intra and extra muros) and brief descriptions leading to an iconographical categorization. Despite a variety of subjects, the depiction of a youthful huntress commonly denominated as Artemis/Diana is predominating. Based on the commonly accepted dating of these reliefs to the Roman era, the rock-cut monuments are generally interpreted as expressions of popular religion that went unregulated by the state; some even consider them as evidence for specifically female ritual practice. As part of the project "Rock-cut reliefs in Philippi: a microregional study on the religion of ancient Macedon," a first onsite documentation campaign was carried out in March 2023. The presented case study of the rock-cut reliefs from Philippi aims at spatializing the religiously connotated depictions within the city-/landscape as a first step and applying the concept of religioscape. With this approach, it differs in the methodology used so far, namely the iconographical analysis of the objects as a first analytical step. This article at hand presents the method used to establish the first three-dimensional data sets of the reliefs for documenting as well as monitoring their condition and aims to demonstrate the immense value of these 3D models given the dangers natural corrosion and vandalism pose to the archaeological objects. Moreover, embracing the ability to capture the landscape setting in 3D allows us to visualize the three-dimensional embedding of the objects into the urban fabric of the city with its varied terrain profile. This allows for new analytical prospects, such as inter-visibility, reachability, or building economy.
Open Archaeology, 2019
From a political point of view, 3rdcentury BCE Athens represents a shattered unity. Parts of the ... more From a political point of view, 3rdcentury BCE Athens represents a shattered unity. Parts of the Athenian countryside and even the city itself were occupied by foreign troops. This loss of control affected the city’s political, economic, social, cultural, and religious life. Since Cleisthenic times, relations between political units and religious communities had become institutionalised through specific cults. Other cult places of relevance to the larger community and therefore with a catchment area that exceeded a deme, e.g. Eleusis, were also affected, as they lay within the occupied territories. This partial inaccessibility of the countryside risked the disruption of religious duties. The project “Cult and Crisis: The Sacred Landscape of Attica and its Correlation to Political Topography” aims to identify potentially affected cult places with no limitations regarding their possible catchment area by analysing their placement in relation to foreign military bases. Alterations in c...
Religion and Urbanity Online, 2024
URL: https://www.degruyter.com/database/URBREL/entry/urbrel.15247929/html
This paper is intend... more URL: https://www.degruyter.com/database/URBREL/entry/urbrel.15247929/html
This paper is intended as an overview over the development of the Athenian pantheon, starting with its consolidation during the formative phase of the polis (8th/7th century BCE) and analysing the successive addition of further divine figures until the beginning of the Roman era (2nd century BCE). Regarding the spatial aspect, i.e., the placemaking for the successively included deities, the chronologically organised paper focusses on selected case studies. Many attributions of cult places are not based on in situ material evidence, but often on written testimonies and opinion-based interpretation. By analysing the spatial setting of the religious newcomers, different strategies of placemaking are revealed, which attest to the entanglement of different social groups and intra-polis power relations.
Acta Archaeologica 93.2 (2022), 2024
https://brill.com/view/journals/acar/93/2/acar.93.issue-2.xml
In the fifth century BCE, Atheni... more https://brill.com/view/journals/acar/93/2/acar.93.issue-2.xml
In the fifth century BCE, Athenians intensified the worship of non-Athenian and non-Greek deities, a fact, which has resulted in massive scholarly attention. While the legal facet of this procedure has been extensively analysed, the spatial aspect of the establishment of new cults - the “placemaking” - has been mainly neglected. This paper re-examines the placement of the cults of Asklepios, Bendis and Deloptes, who is commonly assumed to have been a healing hero and a paredros of Bendis. Based on the iconographic analysis of Piraean votive reliefs for these divinities in combination with the spatial and temporal setting of these attestations, I argue that the Athenians provided space for officially accepted religious newcomers close to the Zea harbour. At the temenos,
which is usually identified as the Asklepieion, several originally
non-Athenian cults were installed during the Peloponnesian War, making it an anchoring point for the divine new arrivals
Journal of Open Humanities Data, Jan 4, 2024
This paper arises from a research-based teaching project (“Die Biographie eines Heiligtums. Compu... more This paper arises from a research-based teaching project (“Die Biographie eines Heiligtums. Computergestützte Visualisierung und Analyse mit georeferenzierten Datenmodellen”), held during the summer term 2019 at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. Based on a case study focussing on the area of Sounion and the Laureotike, with the authors, aided by a group of students, developed a data structure concept for the critical analysis of ancient sanctuaries that takes into account their landscape setting, cults and worshipped deities, as well as ancient worshippers. In order to facilitate the evaluation of large amounts of data sets, a preliminary GIS-based graph database was established and first data sets were entered. The paper presented here outlines the data structure as well as the configuration of the provisional tool and aims to illustrate how our understanding Greek religion is improved by large and highly diverse data sets.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2019
How to Approach the Archaeology of Pre-Classical Athens? A workshop on Athens with a focus on the... more How to Approach the Archaeology of Pre-Classical Athens? A workshop on Athens with a focus on the period prior to the Persian Wars is certainly not an original idea and ours will surely not be the last. Already 40 years ago, the symposium "Athens comes of age: from Solon to Salamis" tackled the topic and chose two historical aspects, Solon the lawgiver and the naval battle of Salamis as its temporal bookends. The justification of that volume, namely its aim to bridge "the disparity of the evidence in the different disciplines" 28 , as well as its criticism of "Athenaicentricity" was definitely valid then. More recent approaches to ancient Athens have since taken up these aims and striven to embed it into the Mediterranean koine 29 , and to demonstrate how it influenced and was influenced by multiple agents around the Mediterranean Sea during the first Iron Age. Thus following the history-based approach, O. Palagia and E. Sioumpara's 2017 conference "From Hippias to Kallias. Greek Art in Athens and Beyond, 527-449 BC" (held just three months after our workshop) sought to deemphasize the Persian-Wars and also expanded the territorial frame, looking at Attica's connections to Ionia 30. And recently (June 2019), M. Meyer's workshop "Innovations and inventions in Athens
The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 2022
OPEN ACCESS: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-hellenic-studies/article/wanderin... more OPEN ACCESS: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-hellenic-studies/article/wandering-maidens-in-the-acropolis-propylaia-some-considerations-on-the-spatial-setting-of-the-cults-of-the-charites-artemis-and-hermes-their-administration-and-related-cult-images/850C89EEC3B9AC78D2CC69255B96FDDD
Abstract
This paper aims to develop a holistic view on the cults of the Charites, Artemis and Hermes which can plausibly be located in the Acropolis Propylaia. Based on the combined analysis of the spatial and architectural setting, which changed in the course of the erection of the Mnesiklean Propylaia in 437–432 BC, along with the imagery and textual evidence for these cults, I propose that due to the altered spatial distribution and the rotated building axes, initially separate cults were fused together. Consequently, iconographical shifts occur in the modes of depiction of these three divinities. The Charites, who were attached in Archaic imagery to Hermes, in the Classical period become iconographically intertwined with Artemis. The iconographic shift is detectable especially in the new cult images for Hermes Propylaios and Artemis Epipyrgidia with the Charites, which had been created by the sculptor Alkamenes, presumably by order of the Athenian state. This article should not be seen as a contribution to the analysis of copies (Kopienkritik) for known statue types or an architectural study; instead, its focus lies in the concepts of visualization of divine images, which were developed for a highly specific spatial setting in the cultic landscape of the Athenian Acropolis.
Jutta, Stroszeck (Hg.), Heiligtümer im Bereich von Stadtmauern und Stadttoren, 2022
Der Beitrag präsentiert die grundlegenden Ergebnisse der Neuuntersuchung des sogenannten Hekateio... more Der Beitrag präsentiert die grundlegenden Ergebnisse der Neuuntersuchung des sogenannten Hekateions, eines Kultbezirks im Bereich der Gräberstraße.
Acta Musei Tiberiopolitani 3, 2020
Worshipping Women, Worshipping War: (How) Did the Persian Wars Change the Cultic Veneration of Artemis in Athens?, in: C. Graml - A. Doronzio - C. Capozzoli, 2019
The paper focuses on the veneration of the goddess Artemis. Since written testimony mentions her ... more The paper focuses on the veneration of the goddess Artemis. Since written testimony mentions her aid in the battles against the Persians, I include pre-Persian archaeological evidence in my analysis in order to test whether the Persian Wars had an actual impact on the perception of the deity. While it becomes clear that commemorative rituals with relation to the Persian Wars were embedded in the cults for Athenian Artemis, the consideration of material down into the Hellenistic period reveals that this did not occur immediately after the Persian Wars, but only after several decades. Understanding the events of the Persian Wars as traumatic might offer a possible explanation for a belated introduction of commemorative practice, following the concept of “postmemory”, developed in Modern history.
Open Archaeology (https://doi.org/10.1515/opar-2019-0024), 2019
From a political point of view, 3rd century BCE Athens represents a shattered unity. Parts of the... more From a political point of view, 3rd century BCE Athens represents a shattered unity. Parts of the Athenian countryside and even the city itself were occupied by foreign troops. This loss of control affected the city’s political, economic, social, cultural, and religious life. Since Cleisthenic times, relations between political units and religious communities had become institutionalised through specific cults. Other cult places of relevance to the larger community and therefore with a catchment area that exceeded a deme, e.g. Eleusis, were also affected, as they lay within the occupied territories. This partial inaccessibility of the countryside risked the disruption of religious duties. The project “Cult and Crisis: The Sacred Landscape of Attica and its Correlation to Political Topography” aims to identify potentially affected cult places with no limitations regarding their possible catchment area by analysing their placement in relation to foreign military bases. Alterations in cult practice can plausibly be detected in changes ranging from cessation to the rerouting of ritual movement or the establishment of substitute cult places. As these “solutions” rarely feature in written sources, our GIS-based approach will focus on material remains from sanctuaries. Although an object’s use for ritual practice cannot be deduced with certainty, the distribution of finds certainly attests to human activity. This contribution presents a trial of this approach, taking the Sounion area as its case study.
Antike Welt, 2018
Corrigendum: Based on new archival data, the person in fig. 5 (here named as Alfred Brueckner) ca... more Corrigendum: Based on new archival data, the person in fig. 5 (here named as Alfred Brueckner) can now be identified as Alfred Philippson. Thanks is due to Dr. Katharina Brandt (Fotothek DAI Athens) for this information!
Pegasus. Berliner Beiträge zum Nachleben der Antike, 2015
Bereits unmittelbar nach seiner Fertigstellung erfuhr das Gemälde »Blick in Griechenlands Blüte« ... more Bereits unmittelbar nach seiner Fertigstellung erfuhr das Gemälde »Blick in Griechenlands Blüte« von Karl Friedrich Schinkel großes Publikumsinteresse. Einerseits stellte die dargestellte Szene eines sich im Bau befindlichen Tempels ein neues Bildsujet dar. Andererseits dürfte auch der Verwendungszweck für Aufmerksamkeit gesorgt haben. Das Gemälde war zwar ohne öffentlichen Auftrag geschaffen worden, aber aufgrund seiner Raffinesse von der Stadt Berlin als Geschenk für Prinzessin Luise von Preußen anlässlich ihrer Hochzeit mit Prinz Friedrich der Niederlande angekauft worden. Bevor es in deren Besitz überging, war es mehrere Tage öffentlich in Berlin ausgestellt worden und hinterließ bei diversen Intellektuellen einen bleibenden Eindruck. Seither wurden zahlreiche Analysen und Interpretationen zu »Blick in Griechenlands Blüte« vorgelegt. Dabei wurde in den neueren Publikationen
postuliert, dass Schinkel innerhalb des Gemäldes zwar mehrere Monumente des antiken Athen zitiert, das Bild aber – in Anbetracht auch nicht-athenischer Beispiele – als Allegorie einer griechischen Idealstadt zu verstehen sei. Anhand der Untersuchung der Antikenkenntnis und -rezeption Schinkels sowie der Rekonstruktion seiner Informationsquellen über das antike Griechenland wird im Folgenden zu zeigen sein, dass Schinkel sich in seinem Werk durchaus – und zwar explizit – auf das antike Athen bezog.
Jahrbuch der Berliner Museen, 2013
in: R. Witte (Hg.), 11. Internationales Kolloquium anlässlich des 125. Todestages Heinrich Schliemanns „Archäologie und Archäologen im 19. Jahrhundert“. Mitteilungen aus dem Heinrich-Schliemann-Museum Ankershagen, 2016
Corrigenda:
Abb. 1: Gruppenbild aus dem Nachlass K. Müller: A. Struck als 4. v. l. mit Blick zum... more Corrigenda:
Abb. 1: Gruppenbild aus dem Nachlass K. Müller: A. Struck als 4. v. l. mit Blick zum Fotografen
Explanatory note:
This paper refers to the Strucks written notes in the Kerameikos archive and his published articles. The written notes of A. Struck, kept in the DAI archive, are currently under investigation (https://www.dainst.org/projekt/-/project-display/2148191) and therefore, not included in this paper.
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Books by Constanze Graml
In 1890, a newly discovered sanctuary was excavated in the necropolis of the famous Kerameikos of Athens. Guided by the ancient written sources and the expectations of his day, the excavator Kyriakos Mylonas interpreted the precinct as an Imperial Roman sanctuary of the goddess Hekate. In ancient texts, this deity is commonly associated with magical rituals and binding spells, and lead tablets used for such purposes have been found in graves all over the Greek world, including those of the Kerameikos necropolis. Due to the location of the sanctuary among the tombs and Mylonas’ interpretation of the site as belonging to this striking deity, researchers came to treat it as an unambiguously attested cult place of Hekate, even though the archaeological discoveries had not yet been fully published.
This volume is dedicated to this task. By conducting an in-depth analysis of the site’s entangled excavation and research history together with a new investigation of the actual archaeological findings, Constanze Graml not only re-dates the district to the Hellenistic period, but also reassigns it to the goddess Artemis Soteira. Based on these results, the sanctuary’s embedding and role in the cult topography of Athens and Attica can finally be seen in new light.
In recent years, scholarly interest in Ancient Athens has been enlivened by spectacular archaeological discoveries. The new finds from the pre-Classical city called for a synoptic reassessment of the material remains, their interpretation and the previous methodological approaches, since the dense records of later historical phases had shaped the perception of Athens before the Persian Wars. Under theses premises, the International Workshop held at the Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München in February 2017 invited its participants to rethink early Athens. The papers assembled in this volume aim to question traditional perspectives and offer a multidisciplinary framework for the discussion of archaeological, literary and epigraphical testimonia.
Papers by Constanze Graml
The massive amount of rock-cut monuments along the slopes of the acropolis hill of Philippi in ancient Macedon has received scholarly attention since the first expeditions and following excavation and research campaigns conducted by the French School at Athens in the nineteenth century. The documentation of these peculiar monuments, comprising images in relief, etchings, inscriptions, and empty niches, consists of very few early drawings, photographs of single objects and sometimes of clusters of neighboring monuments, maps documenting the monuments' location along the slopes of the acropolis rock (intra and extra muros) and brief descriptions leading to an iconographical categorization. Despite a variety of subjects, the depiction of a youthful huntress commonly denominated as Artemis/Diana is predominating. Based on the commonly accepted dating of these reliefs to the Roman era, the rock-cut monuments are generally interpreted as expressions of popular religion that went unregulated by the state; some even consider them as evidence for specifically female ritual practice. As part of the project "Rock-cut reliefs in Philippi: a microregional study on the religion of ancient Macedon," a first onsite documentation campaign was carried out in March 2023. The presented case study of the rock-cut reliefs from Philippi aims at spatializing the religiously connotated depictions within the city-/landscape as a first step and applying the concept of religioscape. With this approach, it differs in the methodology used so far, namely the iconographical analysis of the objects as a first analytical step. This article at hand presents the method used to establish the first three-dimensional data sets of the reliefs for documenting as well as monitoring their condition and aims to demonstrate the immense value of these 3D models given the dangers natural corrosion and vandalism pose to the archaeological objects. Moreover, embracing the ability to capture the landscape setting in 3D allows us to visualize the three-dimensional embedding of the objects into the urban fabric of the city with its varied terrain profile. This allows for new analytical prospects, such as inter-visibility, reachability, or building economy.
This paper is intended as an overview over the development of the Athenian pantheon, starting with its consolidation during the formative phase of the polis (8th/7th century BCE) and analysing the successive addition of further divine figures until the beginning of the Roman era (2nd century BCE). Regarding the spatial aspect, i.e., the placemaking for the successively included deities, the chronologically organised paper focusses on selected case studies. Many attributions of cult places are not based on in situ material evidence, but often on written testimonies and opinion-based interpretation. By analysing the spatial setting of the religious newcomers, different strategies of placemaking are revealed, which attest to the entanglement of different social groups and intra-polis power relations.
In the fifth century BCE, Athenians intensified the worship of non-Athenian and non-Greek deities, a fact, which has resulted in massive scholarly attention. While the legal facet of this procedure has been extensively analysed, the spatial aspect of the establishment of new cults - the “placemaking” - has been mainly neglected. This paper re-examines the placement of the cults of Asklepios, Bendis and Deloptes, who is commonly assumed to have been a healing hero and a paredros of Bendis. Based on the iconographic analysis of Piraean votive reliefs for these divinities in combination with the spatial and temporal setting of these attestations, I argue that the Athenians provided space for officially accepted religious newcomers close to the Zea harbour. At the temenos,
which is usually identified as the Asklepieion, several originally
non-Athenian cults were installed during the Peloponnesian War, making it an anchoring point for the divine new arrivals
Abstract
This paper aims to develop a holistic view on the cults of the Charites, Artemis and Hermes which can plausibly be located in the Acropolis Propylaia. Based on the combined analysis of the spatial and architectural setting, which changed in the course of the erection of the Mnesiklean Propylaia in 437–432 BC, along with the imagery and textual evidence for these cults, I propose that due to the altered spatial distribution and the rotated building axes, initially separate cults were fused together. Consequently, iconographical shifts occur in the modes of depiction of these three divinities. The Charites, who were attached in Archaic imagery to Hermes, in the Classical period become iconographically intertwined with Artemis. The iconographic shift is detectable especially in the new cult images for Hermes Propylaios and Artemis Epipyrgidia with the Charites, which had been created by the sculptor Alkamenes, presumably by order of the Athenian state. This article should not be seen as a contribution to the analysis of copies (Kopienkritik) for known statue types or an architectural study; instead, its focus lies in the concepts of visualization of divine images, which were developed for a highly specific spatial setting in the cultic landscape of the Athenian Acropolis.
postuliert, dass Schinkel innerhalb des Gemäldes zwar mehrere Monumente des antiken Athen zitiert, das Bild aber – in Anbetracht auch nicht-athenischer Beispiele – als Allegorie einer griechischen Idealstadt zu verstehen sei. Anhand der Untersuchung der Antikenkenntnis und -rezeption Schinkels sowie der Rekonstruktion seiner Informationsquellen über das antike Griechenland wird im Folgenden zu zeigen sein, dass Schinkel sich in seinem Werk durchaus – und zwar explizit – auf das antike Athen bezog.
Abb. 1: Gruppenbild aus dem Nachlass K. Müller: A. Struck als 4. v. l. mit Blick zum Fotografen
Explanatory note:
This paper refers to the Strucks written notes in the Kerameikos archive and his published articles. The written notes of A. Struck, kept in the DAI archive, are currently under investigation (https://www.dainst.org/projekt/-/project-display/2148191) and therefore, not included in this paper.