IEEE.orgIEEE Xplore Digital LibraryIEEE StandardsMore Sites
    Sign InJoin IEEE
    FOR THE TECHNOLOGY INSIDER
    Explore by topic
    AerospaceAIBiomedicalClimate TechComputingConsumer ElectronicsEnergyHistory of TechnologyRoboticsSemiconductorsTelecommunicationsTransportation
    IEEE Spectrum
    FOR THE TECHNOLOGY INSIDER

    Topics

    AerospaceAIBiomedicalClimate TechComputingConsumer ElectronicsEnergyHistory of TechnologyRoboticsSemiconductorsTelecommunicationsTransportation

    Sections

    FeaturesNewsOpinionCareersDIYEngineering Resources

    More

    NewslettersSpecial ReportsCollectionsExplainersTop Programming LanguagesRobots Guide ↗IEEE Job Site ↗

    For IEEE Members

    Current IssueMagazine ArchiveThe InstituteThe Institute Archive

    For IEEE Members

    Current IssueMagazine ArchiveThe InstituteThe Institute Archive

    IEEE Spectrum

    About UsContact UsReprints & Permissions ↗Advertising ↗

    Follow IEEE Spectrum

    Support IEEE Spectrum

    IEEE Spectrum is the flagship publication of the IEEE — the world’s largest professional organization devoted to engineering and applied sciences. Our articles, podcasts, and infographics inform our readers about developments in technology, engineering, and science.
    Join IEEE
    Subscribe
    About IEEEContact & SupportAccessibilityNondiscrimination PolicyTermsIEEE Privacy PolicyCookie PreferencesAd Privacy Options
    © Copyright 2025 IEEE — All rights reserved. A public charity, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.

    Enjoy more free content and benefits by creating an account

    Saving articles to read later requires an IEEE Spectrum account

    The Institute content is only available for members

    Downloading full PDF issues is exclusive for IEEE Members

    Downloading this e-book is exclusive for IEEE Members

    Access to Spectrum 's Digital Edition is exclusive for IEEE Members

    Following topics is a feature exclusive for IEEE Members

    Adding your response to an article requires an IEEE Spectrum account

    Create an account to access more content and features on IEEE Spectrum , including the ability to save articles to read later, download Spectrum Collections, and participate in conversations with readers and editors. For more exclusive content and features, consider Joining IEEE .

    Join the world’s largest professional organization devoted to engineering and applied sciences and get access to all of Spectrum’s articles, archives, PDF downloads, and other benefits. Learn more about IEEE →

    Join the world’s largest professional organization devoted to engineering and applied sciences and get access to this e-book plus all of IEEE Spectrum’s articles, archives, PDF downloads, and other benefits. Learn more about IEEE →

    CREATE AN ACCOUNTSIGN IN
    JOIN IEEESIGN IN
    Close

    Access Thousands of Articles — Completely Free

    Create an account and get exclusive content and features: Save articles, download collections, and talk to tech insiders — all free! For full access and benefits, join IEEE as a paying member.

    CREATE AN ACCOUNTSIGN IN

    Rudolf Schultz

    Rudolf Schultz was an amateur astronomer. 

      Rudolf Schultz

      Rudolf Schultz was an amateur astronomer. 

        Articles by
        The Tiny Star Explosions Powering Moore’s Law
        SemiconductorsMagazineFeatureApril 2025

        The Tiny Star Explosions Powering Moore’s Law

        The same math that describes supernovas makes EUV lithography possible

        05 Mar 2025
        13 min read

        Trending Stories

        The most-read stories on IEEE Spectrum right now

        EnergyOpinionClimate Tech

        Can DOE Meet Trump's 90-Day Nuclear Site Challenge?

        TelecommunicationsMagazineFeature

        In Nigeria, Why Isn’t Broadband Everywhere?

        RoboticsNewsHumanoid Robots

        Video Friday: Unitree’s New Robot Dog Goes Exploring

        About IEEEContact & SupportAccessibilityNondiscrimination PolicyTermsIEEE Privacy PolicyCookie PreferencesAd Privacy Options
        © Copyright 2025 IEEE — All rights reserved. A public charity, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.