O curiozitate a naturii sunt plantele carnivore sau insectivore, la care frunzele sunt transformate la unele specii complet, iar

la altele parial, n organe care permit capturarea unor animale de talie mic. Dup adaptrile pe care le-au elaborat n cursul evoluiei, adaptri care permit capturarea przii, plantele carnivore se mpart n 3 grupe: A. plante carnivore care prind animalele cu ajutorul suprafeei lipicioase a frunzelor lor; B. plante carnivore cu frunze transformate n urne; C. plante carnivore cu frunze-capcan.

n afar de plantele din aceste grupe, mai exist un grup intermediar, constituit din reprezentanii genului Utricularia, care posed urne, dar din cauz c aceste urne execut o micare de dilatare n momentul capturrii animalelor, unii cercettori le ncadreaz n grupa plantelor cu urne, iar alii, n grupa celor care posed capcane ce execut micri rapide n timpul capturrii przii.

Din aceste grup fac parte Drosera i Pinguicula, cu reprezentani i n ara noastr. Drosera are la suprafaa substratului o rozet de frunze din mijlocul creia pornete o tulpin care poart flori.

n sol prezint un rizom care formeaz rdcini adventive, ce prezint o structur primar, cu zone anatomice tipice: rizoderma, scoara, cilindrul central.

Pe faa superioar a frunzelor se gsesc tentacule marginale care sunt lungi si tentacule centrale care sunt mai scurte i dispuse pe restul suprafeei limbului. Tentaculele secret o substan lipicioas care strlucete la soare i atrage insectele.

Tentaculul este format din picioru i partea glandular.n picior se gsesc unul sau dou vase lemnoase spiralate sau inelate, nconjurate de 2 celule parenchimatice.

n cazul cnd o insect atras de secreia lipicioas a tentaculelor se atinge de un singur tentacul, nu se mai desprinde de el, din cauza substanei lipicioase.

Captul tentaculelor este sensibil la excitaie i, datorit acestei nsuiri, tentaculul atins de insect transmite excitaia prin piciorul su la tentaculele vecine. Acestea se curbeaz spre locul n care se gsete insecta, iar limbul frunzei execut o micare prin care faa lui superioar devine concav, favoriznd venirea n contact a unui numr mai mare de tentacule cu insecta.

n cele din urm, insecta nu se mai poate mica i este asfixiat din cauza faptului c substanele lipicioase i astup stigmele, prin care ptrunde aerul n traheele ei. n curs de una pn la cteva zile, prada este digerat. Dup aceea, frunzele i reiau poziia normal, tentaculele revin la forma iniial, iar prile nedigerabile ale insectei cad de pe frunze.

Pinguicula (cu speciile P.alpina i P.vulgaris) triete n jurul izvoarelor din regiunile umede i mltinoase din muni i posed frunze aezate n rozet, cu marginile ndoite n sus.

Pe suprafata limbului frunzelor se gasesc dou feluri de peri: peri glandulari ( pedicelai i care produc o substana lipicioasa ce servete la prinderea insectelor) i peri sesili ( alcatuii din celule secretoare ce produc un suc digestiv ce conine acizi organici si enzimi). Insectele ajunse pe suprafaa frunzei sunt reinute de substana lipicioas secretat de perii glandulari, secreia acestei substane devenind mai abundent pe msur ce ele ating un numar mai mare de peri n ncercrile lor de a se elibera.

Digestia dureaza una pana la trei zile, iar substanele rezultate in urma ei sunt absorbite de catre perii sesili si de marginile limbului frunzei.

Reprezentanii genului Nepenthes au frunzele cu partea lait , cu rol asimilator, care se continu cu o poriune lung filiform, cu funcie de crcel,prinzndu- se de ramurile arborilor din jur, iar captul se continu cu o urn la gura creia se gasete un cpacel care seamn cu un limb foliar.

Acest cpcel se deschide numai dup maturarea urnei, rmnnd ulterior in permanena deschise. Urnele sunt foarte frumos colorate, iar pe faa intern a cpcelului si pe marginea interioar a gulerului au glande nectarifere, care secret un suc dulce.Insectele atrase de coloritul viu si de nectarul urnelor se apleac pe marginea neted si aluneca inuntru unde se ineac in lichidul existent. Insectele sunt digerate de sucurile digestive produse de glandele digestive.

Specii ce fac parte din genul Nepenthes

Nepenthes- rajah

Nepenthes treubiana

Nepenthes alata

Nepenthes platychila

Nepenthes- argentii

Nepenthes bicalcarata

Dintre reprezentanii genului Utricularia in ara noastr triesc numai specii submerse ( U. vulgaris i U. minor) Din loc in loc frunzele plantei sunt transformate in urne, numite utricule, care au aspectul unor umflturi ovale si reprezint capcanele pentru pirderea micilor animale acvatice. Aceste urne au dimensiunea de 1-2

Utricula vulgaris

n partea opus pedunculului, urna prezint o mic deschidere spre interior. n jurul acestei deschideri se afl civa peri lungi senzitivi, n parte ramificati. In timpul deplasrii, animalele pot atinge perii senzitivi din jurul deschiderii urnei si ca rezultat, urna, se dilata brusc.n urma dilatrii , cpcelul se deschide si apa impreuna cu animalele din jurul deschiderii sunt atrase brusc n interior.Capacul urnei se nchide si animalele capturate mor asfixiate.

Utricula minor

Din acest grup de plante mentionm Dionaea muscipulla , care crete in mlatinile din padurile Americii de Nord si Sud. Dionaea muscipulla are la baza tulpinii, care poart flori in vrf, o rozet de frunze cu peiol lit, cu rol asimilator,ce se continu cu o poriune scurt filiform i apoi cu limbul care este mprit in dou jumti egale. Cele dou jumti ale limbului au cte trei peri senzitivi. Cnd o insect ajuns pe frunz atinge doi peri senzitivi, excitaia produs este transmis la limb unde cele dou jumti ale sale se ndoaie foarte repede in sus iar epii de pe marginile uneia dintre jumti ptrund in intervalele dintre epii celeilalte jumti,prinznd insecta in capcan.

n funcie de mrimea przii ,frunza se deschide dup 8-20 de zile elibernd resturile nedigerate , care sunt luate de vnt de pe suprafaa limbului.Dei nu moare, frunza nu mai prinde alte insecte, putnd funiona ca organ de capturare a przii

Aldrovanda vesiculosa este o plant

La noi triete n blile din Delta Dunrii i Lacul Snagov. Peiolul frunzelor este lit, aproape triunghiular i are un rol asimilator. Aceast poriune prezint n partea dinspre limb prelungiri n form de peri rigizi. Limbul frunzelor este format din dou jumti semicirculare.

Marginea limbului este ndoit spre interior i prezint numeroi peri ascuii unicelulari, ndoii i ei spre interior. Limbul prezint spre partea interioar a suprafeei o zon plan, acoperit cu glande cvadrilobate, care secret mucus ce atrage prada.

Verticile modificate n capcane

Animalele prinse sunt digerate cu ajutorul sucurilor secretate de glandele digestive. Cu timpul, n interiorul capcanei se acumuleaz aer, care exercit o presiune asupra pereilor cavitii, favoriznd deschiderea frunzei dup terminarea digestiei. Cele mai multe frunze pot realiza o singur dat capturarea przii, dup care pier.

Unii cercettori au ncercat cultivarea plantelor carnivore n lipsa nutriiei cu animale. Astfel, s-au cultivat plante carnivore sub clopote de sticl sau sub plase de srm pentru a mpiedica insectele s ajunga n contact cu ele. Experimentele au artat c plantele pot crete i n absena nutriiei cu animale, produc flori i semine care germineaz, dar au o talie mai mica.

Plantele care au fost hrnite artificial cu insecte, bucele de carne i de casein, au crescut mai robuste, au nflorit mai bine i au produs semine numeroase. Din aceste experimente s-a ajuns la concluzia c nutriia cu animale le este folositoare, dei ele pot tri in lipsa ei.

,, Fiziologie vegetal 2 ,, - Alexandrina Murariu, Editura Universitii ,, Alexandru Ioan Cuza ,, - 2007. https://www.google.ro/search?hl=ro&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1440&bih=7 84&q=drosera+rotundifolia&oq=drosera+&gs_l=img.1.0.0j0i24l9.3499.4462.0.7539.8. 7.0.0.0.0.281.992.2j4j1.7.0....0...1ac.1.32.img..2.6.709.iu9wEpQlztY#facrc=_&imgdii= _&imgrc=jLx4opNmt6zR1M%253A%3Bg-nx5tkZDOymM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.pfaf.org%252FAdmin%252FPlantImages%252F DroseraRotundifolia2.gif%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.pfaf.org%252Fuser%252 FPlant.aspx%253FLatinName%253DDrosera%252Brotundifolia%3B240%3B233 https://www.google.ro/search?hl=ro&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1440&bih=7 84&q=drosera+rotundifolia&oq=drosera+&gs_l=img.1.0.0j0i24l9.3499.4462.0.7539.8. 7.0.0.0.0.281.992.2j4j1.7.0....0...1ac.1.32.img..2.6.709.iu9wEpQlztY#facrc=_&imgdii= _&imgrc=9F--ewIpBkpPRM%253A%3B-Z8sQ9Zr1PVVM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.easycarnivores.co.uk%252Fshop%252Fim ages%252FP%252Fdrosrotundifolia.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.easycarnivores.co.uk%252Fshop% 252FDrosera-rotundifolia.html%3B1600%3B1332 https://www.google.ro/search?hl=ro&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1440&bih=7 84&q=drosera+rotundifolia&oq=drosera+&gs_l=img.1.0.0j0i24l9.3499.4462.0.7539.8. 7.0.0.0.0.281.992.2j4j1.7.0....0...1ac.1.32.img..2.6.709.iu9wEpQlztY#facrc=_&imgdii= _&imgrc=IMDvyl1aEgCBUM%253A%3BdnmeSlYNpHMbTM%3Bhttp%253A%252F% 252Fwww.mikebaker.com%252Fplants%252F1280%252FDSC_0284.jpg%3Bhttp%2 53A%252F%252Fwww.mikebaker.com%252Fplants%252FDrosera_rotundifolia.html %3B1280%3B851

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