Engineered bacteria break down microplastics in wastewater

Microplastics can go right through wastewater treatment plants, and researchers have engineered bacteria commonly found there to break down this pollution before it can persist in the environment.

Researchers from the University of Waterloo added DNA to several species of bacteria found in wastewater, allowing them to biodegrade polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a common plastic found in carpet, clothing and containers for food and beverages.

PET plastics take hundreds of years to degrade in the environment. Over time, they break down into microplastics, pieces of plastic less than 5 mm long, which enter the food chain. Chemicals in these plastics are associated with insulin resistance, cancer and decreased reproductive health.

"Think of these bacteria that already exist in water systems to clean up microplastics as biorobots that can be programmed to get the job done," said Dr. Marc Aucoin, a professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering. "Microplastics in water also enhance the spread of antibiotic resistance, so this breakthrough could also address that concern."

The researchers use a natural process referred to as "bacterial sex," where bacteria share genetic material with each other when multiplying. It enables the introduction of a new trait into the target bacteria, giving them the ability to break down microplastics. The paper is published in Microbial Biotechnology.

"As next steps, we will use modeling to understand how well the bacteria transfer the new genetic information under different environmental conditions and thus how effectively they can break down the plastics," said Dr. Brian Ingalls, a professor in the Department of Applied Mathematics. "The long-term vision is to break down microplastics in wastewater treatment plants at scale."

While the researchers will start with wastewater facilities, they also hope to find ways to clean up the plastic waste accumulating in the oceans.

"We will assess the risks of using engineered, plastic-eating bacteria in the natural environment" said Aaron Yip, a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Chemical Engineering. "Right now, microplastic degradation in wastewater treatment plants is a safer application to target. Many of these facilities are already designed to neutralize bacteria in wastewater, which would kill any engineered bacteria prior to discharging water back into the environment."