Early menopause linked to higher type 2 diabetes risk in study

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease linked to severe health complications, including cardiovascular diseases and increased mortality. While genetics, obesity, and lifestyle factors are known risk factors, this study emphasizes the role of women-specific factors, particularly age at menopause, in influencing diabetes risk.

Menopause marks a major hormonal shift in a woman's life, influencing metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and overall glucose control. While the role of estrogen in these processes is well known, the impact of menopause timing on diabetes risk has remained unclear.

To tackle this gap, researchers from Korea University analyzed health data from 1,125,378 postmenopausal women in South Korea to investigate the link between menopause timing and type 2 diabetes. The team of researchers led by Associate Professor Ga Eun Nam from Korea University, revealed that women who experienced premature menopause, which occurs before the age of 40, had a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, with the risk increasing as the age of menopause decreased. The study was published in the journal JAMA Network Open on January 21, 2025.

The researchers found that women who experienced premature menopause (before age 40) had a significantly higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared to those who underwent menopause at the typical age of 50 years or older. Notably, the risk of diabetes increased as the age of menopause decreased, highlighting the critical influence of hormonal changes on metabolic health.

The study suggests that the absence of estrogen, which plays a key role in maintaining insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, may contribute to this increased risk. As lead author, Prof. Nam explains, "Women who have experienced premature or early menopause may have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes compared to the average woman, so it's necessary to pay more attention to maintaining an appropriate weight and lifestyle modification, such as engaging in regular exercise and keeping a balanced diet."

The findings also emphasize the importance of early detection and proactive management. The researchers recommend that women with a history of premature or early menopause undergo regular health check-ups and lifestyle interventions to reduce their risk of type 2 diabetes. Prof. Nam further advises, "It's important to deal with it early through active regular check-ups."

This large-scale study not only provides valuable insights into the link between menopause timing and diabetes risk but also suggests the potential for targeted screening and prevention programs tailored to women at higher risk.

According to Prof. Nam, "Research linking premature menopause to increased type 2 diabetes risk could transform health care within a decade by enabling targeted screening, updating clinical guidelines, developing tailored prevention programs, and empowering women through education."

These findings underscore the need for greater awareness and a comprehensive approach to women's health that considers menopause as a significant transition influencing metabolic health. This study contributes to a growing body of research recognizing the importance of hormonal changes in diabetes prevention and management.