Fork a thread. The child thread will run in the same Context as the calling Program, including sharing the user-defined application state value.

Threads that are launched off as children are on their own! If the code in the child thread throws an exception that is not caught within that thread, the exception will kill the thread. Threads dying without telling anyone is a bit of an anti-pattern, so this library logs a warning-level log message if this happens.

If you additionally want the exception to propagate back to the parent thread (say, for example, you want your whole program to die if any of its worker threads fail), then call linkThread after forking. If you want the other direction, that is, if you want the forked thread to be cancelled when its parent is cancelled, then you need to be waiting on it using waitThread.

(this wraps async's async which in turn wraps base's forkIO)

Since: 0.2.7

Wait for the completion of a thread, returning the result. This is a blocking operation.

If the thread you are waiting on throws an exception it will be rethrown by waitThread.

If the current thread making this call is cancelled (as a result of being on the losing side of concurrentThreads or raceThreads for example, or due to an explicit call to cancelThread), then the thread you are waiting on will be cancelled. This is necessary to ensure that child threads are not leaked if you nest forkThreads.

(this wraps async's wait, taking care to ensure the behaviour described above)

Since: 0.2.7

Wait for the completion of a thread, discarding its result. This is particularly useful at the end of a do-block if you're waiting on a worker thread to finish but don't need its return value, if any; otherwise you have to explicily deal with the unused return value:

    _ <- waitThread t1
    return ()

which is a bit tedious. Instead, you can just use this convenience function:

    waitThread_ t1

The trailing underscore in the name of this function follows the same convetion as found in Control.Monad, which has mapM_ which does the same as mapM but which likewise discards the return value.

Since: 0.2.7

Wait for a thread to complete, returning the result if the computation was successful or the exception if one was thrown by the child thread.

This basically is convenience for calling waitThread and putting catch around it, but as with all the other wait* functions this ensures that if the thread waiting is cancelled the cancellation is propagated to the thread being watched as well.

(this wraps async's waitCatch)

Since: 0.4.5

Wait for many threads to complete. This function is intended for the scenario where you fire off a number of worker threads with forkThread but rather than leaving them to run independantly, you need to wait for them all to complete.

The results of the threads that complete successfully will be returned as Right values. Should any of the threads being waited upon throw an exception, those exceptions will be returned as Left values.

If you don't need to analyse the failures individually, then you can just collect the successes using Data.Either's rights:

    responses <- waitThreads'

    info "Aggregating results..."
    combineResults (rights responses)

Likewise, if you do want to do something with all the failures, you might find lefts useful:

    mapM_ (warn . intoRope . displayException) (lefts responses)

If the thread calling waitThreads' is cancelled, then all the threads being waited upon will also be cancelled. This often occurs within a timeout or similar control measure implemented using raceThreads_. Should the thread that spawned all the workers and is waiting for their results be told to cancel because it lost the "race", the child threads need to be told in turn to cancel so as to avoid those threads being leaked and continuing to run as zombies. This function takes care of that.

(this extends async's waitCatch to work across a list of Threads, taking care to ensure the cancellation behaviour described throughout this module)

Since: 0.4.5

Ordinarily if an exception is thrown in a forked thread that exception is silently swollowed. If you instead need the exception to propegate back to the parent thread, you can "link" the two together using this function.

(this wraps async's link)

Since: 0.4.2

Cancel a thread.

(this wraps async's cancel. The underlying mechanism used is to throw the AsyncCancelled to the other thread. That exception is asynchronous, so will not be trapped by a catch block and will indeed cause the thread receiving the exception to come to an end)

Since: 0.4.5

Fork two threads and wait for both to finish. The return value is the pair of each action's return types.

This is the same as calling forkThread and waitThread twice, except that if either sub-program fails with an exception the other program which is still running will be cancelled and the original exception is then re-thrown.

    (a,b) <- concurrentThreads one two

    -- continue, doing something with both results.

For a variant that ingores the return values and just waits for both see concurrentThreads_ below.

(this wraps async's concurrently)

Since: 0.4.0

Fork two threads and wait for both to finish.

This is the same as calling forkThread and waitThread_ twice, except that if either sub-program fails with an exception the other program which is still running will be cancelled and the original exception is then re-thrown.

(this wraps async's concurrently_)

Since: 0.4.0

Fork two threads and race them against each other. This blocks until one or the other of the threads finishes. The return value will be Left α if the first program (one) completes first, and Right β if it is the second program (two) which finishes first. The sub program which is still running will be cancelled with an exception.

    result <- raceThreads one two
    case result of
        Left a -> do
            -- one finished first
        Right b -> do
            -- two finished first

For a variant that ingores the return value and just races the threads see raceThreads_ below.

(this wraps async's race)

Since: 0.4.0

Fork two threads and race them against each other. When one action completes the other will be cancelled with an exception. This is useful for enforcing timeouts:

    raceThreads_
        (sleepThread 300)
        (do
            -- We expect this to complete within 5 minutes.
            performAction
        )

(this wraps async's race_)

Since: 0.4.0

A thread for concurrent computation.

(this wraps async's Async)