Sometimes you want to run a tool on Windows that's written in Python, like black or mypy or jupyter or whatever. But, Windows does not know how to run Python files! It knows how to run .exe files. So we need to somehow convert our Python file a .exe file.

That's what this does: it's a generic "trampoline" that lets us generate custom .exes for arbitrary Python scripts, and when invoked it bounces to invoking python <the script> instead.

Basically, this looks up the env var $POSY_PYTHON (for console programs) or $POSY_PYTHONW (for GUI programs), and invokes $POSY_PYTHON path\to\the\<the .exe>.

The intended use is: take your Python script, name it __main__.py, and pack it into a .zip file. Then concatenate that .zip file onto the end of one of our prebuilt .exes.

Then when you run python on the .exe, it will see the .zip trailer at the end of the .exe, and automagically look inside to find and execute __main__.py. Easy-peasy.

(TODO: we should probably make the Python-finding logic slightly more flexible at some point -- in particular to support more conventional venv-style installation where you find python by looking in the directory next to the trampoline .exe -- but this is good enough to get started.)

I probably could have used Vinay's C++ implementation from distlib, but what's the fun in that? In particular, optimizing for binary size was entertaining (these are ~7x smaller than the distlib, which doesn't matter much, but does a little bit, considering that it gets added to every Python script). There are also some minor advantages, like I think the Rust code is easier to understand (multiple files!) and it's convenient to be able to straightforwardly code the Python-finding logic we want. But mostly it was just an interesting challenge.

This does owe a lot to the distlib implementation though. The overall logic is copied more-or-less directly.

In order to minimize binary size, this uses #![no_std], panic="abort", and carefully avoids using core::fmt. This removes a bunch of runtime overhead: by default, Rust "hello world" on Windows is ~150 KB! So these binaries are ~10x smaller.

Of course the tradeoff is that #![no_std] is an awkward super-limited environment. No C runtime, no platform APIs, very few features... you don't even get Vec or memory allocation or panicking support by default. To work around this:

• We use windows-sys to access Win32 APIs directly. Who needs a C runtime? Though uh, this does mean that literally all of our code is unsafe. Sorry!

• runtime.rs has the core glue to get panicking, heap allocation, and linking working.

• diagnostics.rs uses ufmt and some cute Windows tricks to get a convenient version of eprintln! that works without std, and automatically prints to either the console if available or pops up a message box if not.

• All the meat is in bounce.rs.

Miscellaneous tips:

• cargo-bloat is a useful tool for checking what code is ending up in the final binary and how much space it's taking. (It makes it very obvious whether you've pulled in core::fmt!)

• Lots of Rust built-in panicking checks will pull in core::fmt, e.g., if you ever use .unwrap() then suddenly our binaries double in size, because the if foo.is_none() { panic!(...) } that's hidden inside .unwrap() will invoke core::fmt, even if the unwrap will actually never fail. .unwrap_unchecked() avoids this. Similar for slice[idx] vs slice.get_unchecked(idx).

Building this can be frustrating, because the low-level compiler/runtime machinery have a bunch of implicit assumptions about the environment they'll run in, and the facilities it provides for things like memcpy, unwinding, etc. With #![no_std] most of this machinery is missing. So we need to replace the bits that we actually need, and which bits we need can change depending on stuff like optimization options. For example: we use panic="abort", so we don't actually need unwinding support, but at lower optimization levels the compiler might not realize that, and still emit references to the unwinding helper __CxxFrameHandler3. And then the linker blows up because that symbol doesn't exist.

Two approaches that are reasonably likely to work:

• Uncomment compiler-builtins in Cargo.toml, and build normally: cargo build --profile release.

• Leave compiler-builtins commented-out, and build like: cargo +nightly build -Z build-std=core,panic_abort,alloc -Z build-std-features=compiler-builtins-mem --target x86_64-pc-windows-msvc --profile=release

I know that the latter worked with "rustc 1.67.0-nightly (09508489e 2022-11-04)". And hopefully in the future as #![no_std] develops, this will get smoother.

Also, sometimes it helps to fiddle with optimization levels.