ISSN 1405-2768 ISSN 2395-9525

Núm. 608 Julio 2025

 SEP
PÁG. CONTENIDO
1 Mammillaria scoria (cactaceae) una nueva especie de Querétaro, Mexico
Mammillaria scoria (Cactaceae) a new species from Querétaro, México
Pedro González-Zamora | David Aquino | Daniel Sánchez

15 Revisión del género Karwinskia (Rhamnaceae) en México

Review of the Karwinskia genus (Rhamnaceae) in mexico
Rafael Fernández Nava | Maria de la Luz Arreguín Sánchez

39 Diversidad florística de las áreas verdes urbanas de Miahuatlán, una ciudad pequeña de Oaxaca, México
Floristic diversity of the urban green areas of Miahuatlán, a small city from Oaxaca, Mexico
Víctor Gutiérrez Pacheco | Deisy Coromoto Rebolledo López

61 Caracterización morfológica de especies del género Hylocereus (Cactaceae) en una unidad de cultivo localizada en Molcaxac, Puebla, México
Morphological characterization of species of the genus Hylocereus (Cactaceae) in a cultivation unit located in Molcaxac, Puebla, Mexico
Vianey del Rocio Torres Pelayo

Estandarización del proceso de diafanización vegetal en las especies: Adiantum pedantum L. (Pteridaceae), Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott (Nephrolepidaceae)
79 y una Spermatophyta Pyracantha koidzumii Hayata Rehder Rosaceae
Standardization of the plant diaphanization process; of Adiantum pedantum L. (Pteridaceae), Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott (Nephrolepidaceae) and one Spermatophyta

Julio 2025
Pyracantha koidzumii Hayata Rehder (Rosaceae)
Ruth Concepción Márquez Juárez | Arantxa Chowell-López | Diego Martínez Mata | Gabriela Sánchez Fabila Sánchez Fabila | Roberto Moreno Colín | Pilar
Amellali Badillo-Suárez | Irma Estrella Beatriz Manuell Cacheux | Rogelio Monterrubio Valdivia

Análisis de la estructura de un bosque en una región del suroeste del estado de Durango
91
Analysis of the structure of a forest in a southwestern region of the state of Durango
Manuel Antonio Díaz-Vásquez | Pedro Antonio Domínguez-Calleros | Norberto Domínguez-Amaya | Héctor Manuel Loera-Gallegos | Jesús Alejandro Soto-
Cervantes

107 Estructura y diversidad arbórea de una selva mediana perennifolia en el complejo ecoturístico Agua Selva, Tabasco, México
Tree structure and diversity of a medium evergreen forest in the Agua Selva ecotourism complex, Tabasco, Mexico
Manuel Pérez de la Cruz | Josué García León | José del Carmén Gerónimo Torres | Facundo Sánchez Gutiérrez | Miguel Alberto Magaña Alejandro | Aracely de la
Cruz Pérez

Núm. 60
123 Diversidad del sotobosque; un atributo de evaluación en reforestaciones utilizadas como estrategias de restauración forestal
Understory diversity; an evaluation attribute in reforestations used as a forest restoration strategy
Francisca Ofelia Plascencia Escalante | Isidoro Herrera Ávila | Marlín Pérez Suárez | Patricia Hernández De La Rosa | Gregorio Ángeles Pérez

141 Estructura y diversidad arbórea bajo dos esquemas de manejo forestal e influencia de la orientación geográfica en un bosque de Durango, México
Tree structure and diversity under two forest management schemes and the influence of geographic orientation in a forest in Durango, Mexico
José de Jesús Graciano Luna | Eduardo Alanís Rodríguez | Oscar Aguirre Calderón | César Martín Cantú Ayala | José Yerena Yamallel | Cristian Martínez Adriano
| José Luján Soto

163 Reserva de carbono orgánico y nitrógeno en Luvisol bajo diferentes usos de suelo en Oaxaca, México
Organic carbon and nitrogen reserve in Luvisol under different land uses in Oaxaca, México
Celestino Sandoval García | Israel Cantú Silva

Estimación de carbono a nivel árbol individual en bosque natural mediante vehículos aéreos no tripulados (VANT)
177 Carbon estimation at individual tree level in natural forest using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
Jaime Briseño Reyes | Susana Isabel Hinojosa-Espinoza | José Javier Corral-Rivas | Jesús Aguirre-Gutiérrez | Daniel José Vega-Nieva | Héctor Manuel De los
Santos Posadas

Variación morfométrica y espacial urbana de tres especies arbóreas en función del ancho de camellón en calles de a ciudad de San Luis Potosí, México
199
Morphometric and urban spatial variation of three tree species in relation to street median width in the city of San Luis Potosi México
Andrea Candia Lomelí | Carlos Renato Ramos Palacios | Jonathan Hammurabi González Lugo | Fredy Alexander Alvarado Roberto

Descripción inicial de la fenología de Quercus durifolia Seemen ex Loes. árbol endémico de la Sierra Madre Occidental
229
Initial description of the phenology of Quercus durifolia Seemen ex Loes. endemic tree of the Sierra Madre Occidental
Rosa Elvira Madrid Aispuro | José Ángel Prieto Ruíz | Arnulfo Aldrete | Silvia Salcido Ruiz | Eduardo Daniel Vivar Vivar | Laura Elena Martínez Nevárez

Registro polínico en miel de Apis mellifera L. de dos localidades de la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra de Manantlán, Jalisco, México
245
Pollen record on honeybee honey of Apis mellifera L. of Sierra of Manantlan Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco, México
Xochilt Morales Najarro | Iris Grisel Galván Escobedo | Monserrat Vázquez Sánchez | Montserrath Medina Acosta
 SEP
PÁG. CONTENIDO
263 Efecto de complejos orgánicos en la micropropagación de Phalaenopsis var. Dudu
Effect of organic complexes on micropropagation of Phalaenopsis var. Dudu
Amaury Arzate Fernández | Sandra Martínez Martínez | Tomás Norman Mondragón | María Mariezcurrena Berazain | Arely Piña Sampedreño

273 Evaluación de las respuestas de tres variedades de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) inoculadas con bacterias cuando se cultivan en condiciones de estrés por
aguas residuales y sulfato de cobre.
Evaluation of the responses of three tomato varieties (Solanum lycopersicum L.) inoculated with bacteria when grown under stress conditions due to wastewater and copper
sulfate
Abdul Khalil Gardezi | Leticia Manuela Inzunza Medina | Guillermo Carrillo Castañeda | Hector Manuel Ortega Escobar | oscar raul mancilla villa | Juan Enrique
Rubiños Panta | Jorge flores Velazquez | Mora Meraz Maldonado | Sergio Roberto Marquez Berber | Hector Flores Magdaleno | Gabriel Haro Aguilar

291 Especies de Meloidogyne asociadas a cultivos hortícolas en el Valle de Tepeaca, Puebla, México
Perineal patterns and isozyme phenotypes for the identification of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in vegetables from the Tepeaca Valley, Puebla, Mexico
Maria Gabriela Medina Canales | Ana Karen Alquicira Jimenez | Norma García Aguilar | Ilia Mariana Escobar Ávila | Alejandro Tovar Soto

307 Efecto de las propiedades fisicas y químicas del suelo en el estado nutrimental del nopal-verdura (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill variedad Milpa Alta
Effect of soil physical and chemical properties on the nutritional status of nopal-vegetable (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill variety Milpa Alta
Bertha Patricia Zamora Morales | Aurelio Báez Pérez | Leticia Bonilla-Valencia | Jorge Artemio Zegbe Domínguez | Marisela Cristina Zamora Martínez | Abel
Quevedo-Nolasco

Julio 2025
Evaluación fitoquímica de extractos de la resina de Bursera fagaroides (Kunth) Engl.
325
Phytochemical evaluation of resin extracts of Bursera fagaroides (Kunth) Engl.
Luis Antonio Flores-Hernández | Fanny Imelda Pastenes-Felizola | Fanny Imelda Pastenes-Felizola | jose Luis Díaz-Nuñez | Pablo Noé Núñez-Aragón

Callogénesis y análisis fitoquímico de Euphorbia nutans Lag.

337
Calllogenesis and phytochemical analysis of Euphorbia nutans Lag.
Daniel Aguilar Jiménez | Benito Reyes Trejo | José Luis Rodríguez De la O | Juan Martínez Solís

355 Evaluación de dos métodos de desinfección de sustratos para la producción de Pleurotus ostreatus
Evaluation of two substrate disinfection methods for the production of Pleurotus ostreatus
Rosa Elena Hernández Hernández | Veronica Rosales Martinez | Carolina Flota Bañuelos | Mónica Leticia Osnaya González | Porfirio Morales Almora

Núm. 60
367 Conservación genómica de dos especies del orden Asparagales con cariotipo bimodal, empleando hibridación genómica in situ (GISH)
Genomic conservation of two species of the order Asparagales with bimodal karyotype, using genomic in situ hybridization (GISH)
María José García Castillo | Luis Carlos Rodríguez Zapata | Lorenzo Felipe Sanchez Teyer

381 Prácticas de manejo para la producción de (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp) en productores del Municipio de Pungarabato, Guerrero, México
Management practices for the production of (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp) in producers of the Municipality of Pungarabato, Guerrero, Mexico
Jaime Olivares | Santos Rodríguez Mejía | Saúl Rojas Hernández | Teolincacihualt Romero Rosales | Miguel Ángel Damian Valdéz | Vania Jiménez Lobato |
Lucero Sarabia Salgado

395 Manejo del ramón Brosimum alicastrum Sw. en huertos familiares de Tzucacab, Yucatán, México
Ramón (Brosimum alicastrum Sw.) management in home gardens of Tzucacab, Yucatán, México
Rosalba Esther Mex Mex | Juan José Jiménez Osornio | Patricia Irene Montañez-Escalante | Héctor Estrada Medina | Guadalupe del Carmen Reyes Solis

Rescate y conservación del conocimiento tradicional sobre plantas medicinales en la sierra de Taxco, Guerrero, México: El caso del Toronjil (Agastache mexicana
411 subsp. mexicana)
Rescue and conservation of traditional knowledge on medicinal plants in the Sierra de Taxco, Guerrero, Mexico: The case of Toronjil (Agastache mexicana subsp. mexicana)
Judith Morales Barrera | Blas Cruz-Lagunas | Miguel Angel Gruintal-Santos | Mirna Vázquez-Villamar | Teolincacihuatl Romero-Rosales | Saúl Rojas-Hernández |
Tania de Jesús Adame Zambrano

Etnobotánica de los chiles silvestres en dos comunidades ch’oles de Tacotalpa, Tabasco, México
441
Ethnobotany of wild chili peppers in two ch’ol communities of Tacotalpa, Tabasco, Mexico
Guadalupe Morales Valenzuela | María Isabel Villegas Ramírez

Caracterización sensorial para la diferenciación de mezcal ancestral de dos zonas productoras de Oaxaca, México
459
Sensory characterization for the differentiation of ancestral mezcal from two producing areas of Oaxaca, Mexico
Susana Yareth López García | Anastacio Espejel García | Arturo Hernández Montes | Landy Hernández Rodríguez | Ariadna Isabel Barrera Rodríguez
REVISTA BOTÁNICA INTERNACIONAL DEL INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL
EDITOR EN JEFE
Rafael Fernández Nava

EDITORA ASOCIADA
María de la Luz Arreguín Sánchez

COMITÉ EDITORIAL INTERNACIONAL

Christiane Anderson Delia Fernández González
University of Michigan Universidad de León
Ann Arbor. Michigan, US León, España

Heike Vibrans José Angel Villarreal Quintanilla

Colegio de Postgraduados Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro
Estado de México, México Saltillo, Coahuila, México

Hugo Cota Sánchez Luis Gerardo Zepeda Vallejo

University of Saskatchewan Instituto Politécnico Nacional
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Ciudad de México, México

Fernando Chiang Cabrera Claude Sastre

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Muséum National d´Histoire Naturelle
Ciudad de México, México París, Francia

Thomas F. Daniel Mauricio Velayos Rodríguez

California Academy of Sciences Real Jardín Botánico
San Francisco, California, US Madrid, España

Francisco de Asis Dos Santos Noemí Waksman de Torres

Universidad Estadual de Feira de Santana Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León
Feira de Santana, Brasil Monterrey, NL, México

Carlos Fabián Vargas Mendoza Julieta Carranza Velázquez

Instituto Politécnico Nacional Universidad de Costa Rica
Ciudad de México, México San Pedro, Costa Rica

José Luis Godínez Ortega Tom Wendt

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México University of Texas
Ciudad de México, México Austin, Texas, US

José Manuel Rico Ordaz Edith V. Gómez Sosa

Universidad de Oviedo Instituto de Botánica Darwinion
Oviedo, España Buenos Aires, Argentina

Edith V. Gómez Sosa Dr. Juan Ramón Zapata Morales

Instituto de Botánica Darwinion Universidad de Guanajuato
Buenos Aires, Argentina Guanajuato. México

Jorge Llorente Bousquets

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Ciudad de México, México

DISEÑO Y FORMACIÓN ELECTRÓNICA

Luz Elena Tejeda Hernández

OPEN JOURNAL SYSTEM Y TECNOLOGÍAS DE LA INFORMACIÓN

Pedro Aráoz Palomino
POLIBOTÁNICA, revista botánica internacional del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, incluye
exclusivamente artículos que representen los resultados de investigaciones originales en el área. Tiene
una periodicidad de dos números al año, con distribución y Comité Editorial Internacional.

Todos los artículos enviados a la revista para su posible publicación son sometidos por lo menos a
un par de árbitros, reconocidos especialistas nacionales o internacionales que los revisan y evalúan y
son los que finalmente recomiendan la pertinencia o no de la publicación del artículo, cabe destacar
que este es el medio con que contamos para cuidar el nivel y la calidad de los trabajos publicados.

INSTRUCCIONES A LOS AUTORES PARA LA PUBLICACIÓN DE TRABAJOS

Se aceptarán aquellos originales que se ajusten a las prescripciones siguientes:

POLIBOTÁNICA incluye exclusivamente artículos que representen los resultados de investigaciones

originales que no hayan sido publicados.

1. El autor deberá anexar una carta membretada y firmada dirigida al Editor, donde se presente el
manuscrito, así como la indicación de que el trabajo es original e inédito, ya que no se aceptan
trabajos publicados o presentados anterior o simultáneamente en otra revista, circunstancia que
el autor(es) deberá declarar expresamente en la carta de presentación de su artículo.

2. Al quedar aceptado un trabajo, su autor no podrá ya enviarlo a ninguna otra revista nacional o
extranjera.

3. Los artículos deberán estar escritos en español, inglés, francés o portugués. En el caso de estar
escritos en otros idiomas diferentes al español, deberá incluirse un amplio resumen en este
idioma.

4. Como parte de los requisitos del CONACYT, POLIBOTÁNICA ahora usa la plataforma del
Open Journal System (OJS); para la gestión de los artículos sometidos a la misma.Así que le
solicitamos de la manera más atenta sea tan amable de registrarse y enviar su artículo en la
siguiente liga: www.polibotanica.mx/ojs/index.php/polibotanica

a) cargar el trabajo en archivo electrónico de office-word, no hay un máximo de páginas con

las siguientes características:
b) en páginas tamaño carta, letra times new roman 12 puntos a doble espacio y 2 cm por margen

5. Las figuras, imágenes, gráficas del trabajo deben estar incluidas en el documento de Word original:

a) en formato jpg
b) con una resolución mínima de 300 dpi y un tamaño mínimo de 140 mm de ancho
c) las letras deben estar perfectamente legibles y contrastadas

6. Todo trabajo deberá ir encabezado por:

a) Un título tanto en español como en inglés que exprese claramente el problema a que se refiere.
El formato para el título es: negritas, tamaño 14 y centrado;

b) El nombre del autor o autores, con sus iniciales correspondientes, sin expresión de títulos
o grados académicos. El formato para los autores es: alineados a la izquierda, cada uno en un
párrafo distinto y tamaño 12. Cada autor debe tener un número en formato superíndice indicando
a qué afiliación pertenece;
c) La designación del laboratorio e institución donde se realizó el trabajo.La(s) afiliación(es)
debe(n) estar abajo del grupo de autores. Cada afiliacióndeberá́ estar en un párrafo y tamaño
 12. Al inicio de cada afiliaciónestará́ el número en superíndice que lo relaciona con uno o más
autor/es.

d) El autor para correspondencia deberá́ estar en el siguiente párrafo, alineado a la izquierda,

tamaño 12.

7. Todo trabajo deberá estar formado por los siguientes capítulos:

a) RESUMEN y ABSTRACT. Palabras clave y Key Words. El resumen debe venir después
de la afiliación de los autores, alineado a la izquierda, tamaño 12. La palabra “Resumen: /
Abstract:” debe venir en negritas y con dos puntos. El texto del resumen debe empezar en el
párrafo siguiente, tamaño 12 y justificado. El texto “Palabras clave / Key Words:” debe venir
en negritas seguido de dos puntos. Cada una de las palabras clave deben estar separadas por
coma o punto y coma, finalizadas por punto.

b) INTRODUCCIÓN y MÉTODOS empleados. Cuando se trate de técnicas o métodos ya

conocidos, solamente se les mencionará por la cita de la publicación original en la que se dieron
a conocer. El formato para todas las secciones en esta lista es: negritas, tamaño 16 y centrado.

c) RESULTADOS obtenidos. Presentación acompañada del número necesario de gráficas, tablas,

figuras o diagramas de tamaño muy cercano al que tendrá su reproducción impresa (19 x 14 cm).

d) DISCUSIÓN concisa de los resultados obtenidos, limitada a lo que sea original y a otros
datos relacionados directamente y que se consideren nuevos.

e) CONCLUSIONES.

ESPECIFICACIONES DE FORMATO PARA EL CUERPO DEL TRABAJO

1. Secciones/Subtítulos de párrafo: Fuente tamaño 16, centrado, en negritas, con la primera letra
en mayúscula.
2. Subsecciones/Subtítulos de párrafo secundarios : Fuente tamaño 14, centrado, en negritas, con la
primera letra en mayúscula. Cuando existan subsecciones de subsección formatear en tamaño
13 negrita y centrado.
3. Cuerpo del texto: Fuente tamaño 12, justificado. NO debe haber saltos de línea entre párrafos.
4. Las notas de pie de página deben estar al final de cada página, fuente tamaño 12 justificadas.
5. Cita textual con más de tres líneas: Fuente tamaño 12, margen izquierdo de 4 cm.
6. Título de imágenes: Fuente tamaño 12, centrado y en negritas, separado por dos puntos de su
descripción. Descripción de las imágenes: tamaño 12.
7. Notas al pie de las imágenes: Fuente tamaño 12 y centradas con respecto a la imagen, la primera
letra debe estar en mayúsculas.
8. Imágenes: deben estar en el cuerpo del texto, insertadas en formato png o jpg, a por lo menos 300
dpi de resolución y centradas. Las imágenes deben estar en línea con el texto. Se consideran
imágenes: gráficos, cuadros, fotografías, diagramas y, en algunos casos, tablas y ecuaciones.
9. Tablas de tipo texto: El título de las columnas de las tablas debe estar en negritas y los datos
del cuerpo de la tabla con fuente normal. Los nombres científicos deben estar en itálicas. Se
recomienda utilizar las Tablas como imágenes, estas deberán de ir centradas (a por lo menos
300 dpi de resolución).
10. Notas al pie de la tabla: Fuente tamaño 12 y centradas con respecto a la tabla, la primera letra
debe estar en mayúsculas.
11. Ecuaciones pueden estar en Mathtype 1 o en imagen. En este último caso, seguir instrucciones
del punto 8.
12. Citas del tipo autor y año deben estar entre paréntesis, con el apellido del autor seguido por el
año (Souza, 2007), primera letra en mayúscula.
8. LITERATURA CITADA, Se tomara como base el Estilo APA para las Referencias Bibliográficas,
formada por las referencias mencionadas en el texto del trabajo y en orden alfabético. Es
obligatorio utilizar Mendeley® (software bibliográfico). El propósito de utilizar este tipo de
software es asegurar que los datos contenidos en las referencias están correctamente estructurados
y corresponden a las citas del cuerpo del texto.

ESTRUCTURA Y FORMATO DE LOS AGRADECIMIENTOS Y REFERENCIAS

BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

1. Los Agradecimientos deberán estar después de la última sección del cuerpo del texto. Esta
información debe tener como título la palabra “Agradecimientos”, o su equivalente en otro
idioma, en negritas, tamaño 12 y centrado. El texto de esta información debe estar en tamaño
12 justificado.
2. Las Referencias bibliográficas deben estar en orden alfabético sin salto de línea de párrafo,
alineados a la izquierda, en tamaño 12.
3. Apéndices, anexos, glosarios y otros materiales deben incluirse después de las referencias
bibliográficas. En caso de que estos materiales sean extensos deberán ser creados como archivos
PDF.

9. REVISIÓN Y PUBLICACIÓN

Todos los artículos enviados a la revista para su posible publicación serán sometidos a una revisión
“doble ciego”, se enviaran por lo menos a un par de árbitros, reconocidos especialistas nacionales o
internacionales que los revisarán y evaluarán y serán los que finalmente recomienden la pertinencia
o no de la publicación del artículo, cabe destacar que este es el medio con que contamos para cuidar
el nivel y la calidad de los trabajos publicados.

Una vez aceptado el trabajo, se cobrarán al autor(es) $299 por página más IVA, independientemente
del número de fotografías que contenga.

PUBLICATION GUIDELINES
POLIBOTÁNICA, an international botanical journal supported by the National Polytechnic Insti-
tute, only publishes material resulting of original research in the botanic area. It has a periodicity
of two issues per year with international distribution and an international Editorial Committee.

All articles submitted to POLIBOTÁNICA for publication are reviewed by at least a couple
of referees. National or international recognized experts will evaluate all submitted mate-
rials in order to recommend the appropriateness or otherwise of a publication. Therefore, the
quality of published papers in POLIBOTÁNICA is of the highest international standards.

FOR PUBLICATION OF ARTICLES

Originals that comply with the following requirements will be accepted:

1. POLIBOTÁNICA includes only items that represent the results of original research which have
not been published.The author should attach an official and signed letter to Editor stating that
the work is original and unpublished. We do not accept articles published or presented before or
simultaneously in another journal, a fact that the author (s) must expressly declare in the letter.

2. When an article has been accepted, the author can no longer send it to a different national or
foreign journal.
3. Articles should be written in Spanish, English, French or Portuguese. In the case of be written in
 languages other than Spanish, it should include an abstract in English.

4. The article ought to be sent to the POLIBOTÁNICA’s Open Journal System http://www.polibo-
tanica.mx/ojs in an office-word file without a maximum number of pages with the following
features:

a) on letter-size pages, Times New Roman font type, 12-point font size, double-spaced and 2 cm
margin

5. The figures, images, graphics in the article must be attached as follows:

a) in jpg format
b) with a minimum resolution of 300 dpi and a minimum size of 140 mm wide
c) all characters must be legible and contrasted

6. All articles must include:

a) a title in both Spanish and English that clearly express the problem referred to. The format
for this section is: bold, font size 14 and centered.;

b) the name of the author or authors, with their initials, no titles and no academic degrees. The
format for this section is: font size 12, aligned to the left, each name in a different paragraph but
without spaces in-between and a superscript number indicating the affiliation;

c) complete affiliations of all authors (including laboratory or research institution). The format
for this section is: font size 12, aligned to the left, each name in a different paragraph but without
spaces in-between and a superscript number at the beginning of the affiliation;

d) correspondence author should be in the next paragraph, font size 12 and aligned to the left.

7. All work should be composed of the following chapters:

a) RESUMEN and ABSTRACT. Palabras clave y Key Words. The format for this section is:
bold, font size 12 and centered. Both words (RESUMEN: and ABSTRACT:)must include a
colon, be in bold and aligned to the left. The body of the abstract must be justified and in font
size 12. Both palabras clave: and keywords:must include a colon, be in bold and aligned to the
left. Keywords must be separated by a comma or semicolon, must be justified and in font size 12.

b) INTRODUCTION y METHODS. In the case of techniques or methods that are already

known, they were mentioned only by appointment of the original publication in which they were
released.

c) RESULTS. Accompanied with presentation of the required number of graphs, tables, figures
or diagrams very close to the size which will be printed (19 x 14 cm).

d) DISCUSSION. A concise discussion of the results obtained, limited to what is original and
other related directly and considered new data.

e) CONCLUSIONS. The format for sections Introduction, Results, Discussion and Conclusionsis:
bold, font size 16 and centered.
FORMAT SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE BODY OF WORK

1. Sections: Font size 16, centered, bold, with the first letter capitalized.
2. Subsections / Secondary Subtitles: Font size 14, centered, bold, with the first letter capitalized.
When there are second grade subsections format in size 13 bold and centered.
3. Body: Font size 12, justified. There should NOT be line breaks between paragraphs.
4. Footnotes should be at the bottom of each page, font size 12 and justified.
5. Textual quotation with more than three lines: Source size 12, left margin of 4 cm.
6. Image Title: Font size 12, centered and bold, separated by two points from its description. Des-
cription of the images: size 12.
7. Images Footnotes: Font size 12 and centered with respect to the image, the first letter must be in
capital letters.
8. Images: must be in the body of the text, inserted in png or jpg format, at least 300 dpi resolution
and centered. Images should be in line with the text. Graphs, charts, photographs, diagrams and, in
some cases, tables and equations are considered images.
9. Text Tables: Only The title of the columns of the tables must be in bold. Scientific names must
be in italics. It is recommended to use the Tables as images, they should be centered (at least 300
dpi resolution).
10. Footnotes: Font size 12 and centered with respect to the table, the first letter must be in upper
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 Núm. 60: 381-394 Julio 2025 ISSN electrónico: 2395-9525

Polibotánica
ISSN electrónico: 2395-9525
[email protected]
Instituto Politécnico Nacional
México
http://www.polibotanica.mx

PRÁCTICAS DE MANEJO PARA LA

PRODUCCIÓN DE (Vigna unguiculata
[L.] Walp) EN PRODUCTORES DEL
MUNICIPIO DE PUNGARABATO,
GUERRERO, MÉXICO

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR THE

PRODUCTION OF (Vigna unguiculata
[L.] Walp) IN PRODUCERS OF THE
MUNICIPALITY OF PUNGARABATO,
GUERRERO, MEXICO
Rodríguez Mejía, S., J. Olivares, S. Rojas Hernández, T. Romero Rosales, M.Á. Damian
Valdéz, V. Jiménez Lobato, L. Sarabia Salgado
PRÁCTICAS DE MANEJO PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp)
EN PRODUCTORES DEL MUNICIPIO DE PUNGARABATO, GUERRERO, MÉXICO.
MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF (Vigna unguiculata [L.]
Walp) IN PRODUCERS OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF PUNGARABATO, GUERRERO,
MEXICO.

Núm. 60: 381-394 México. Julio 2025

Instituto Politécnico Nacional DOI: 10.18387/polibotanica.60.23

Este es un artículo de acceso abierto bajo la licencia Creative Commons 4.0

Atribución-No Comercial (CC BY-NC 4.0 Internacional).

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 Núm. 60: 381-394 Julio 2025 ISSN electrónico: 2395-9525

Prácticas de manejo para la producción de (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp) en productores del
Municipio de Pungarabato, Guerrero, México

Management practices for the production of (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp) in producers of the
Municipality of Pungarabato, Guerrero, Mexico

Santos Rodríguez Mejía https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2385-3292

Rodríguez Mejía, S., J. Jaime Olivares Pérez / [email protected], [email protected] 
Olivares, S. Rojas Hernández,
T. Romero Rosales, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7455-2890
M.Á. Damian Valdéz, Saúl Rojas Hernández https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-2149
V. Jiménez Lobato, Teolincacihualt Romero Rosales https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9158-8481
L. Sarabia Salgado Miguel Ángel Damián Valdez https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5098-7283
Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Maestría en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Gestión
PRÁCTICAS DE MANEJO Local. Unidad Tuxpan: Km 2.5 Carr. Iguala-Tuxpan, Iguala, Gro. C.P. 40101.
PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE
(Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp) Vania Jiménez Lobato https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2050-9026
EN PRODUCTORES DEL
MUNICIPIO DE IxMx- Maestría en Ciencias Agropecuarias y Gestión Local –
PUNGARABATO, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Guerrero, México
GUERRERO, MÉXICO
Lucero Sarabia Salgado https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0815-3389
MANAGEMENT Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero-Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia,
PRACTICES FOR THE km 3.5 carretera Altamirano-Iguala CP. 40660, Guerrero, México
PRODUCTION OF (Vigna
unguiculata [L.] Walp) IN
PRODUCERS OF THE ABSTRACT The jewish bean or judillo (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp), is a staple food
MUNICIPALITY OF for families in the rural environment of the Guerrero tropics. The study was developed
PUNGARABATO, to determine the prevalence of V. unguiculata [L] Walp cultivation among farmers. The
GUERRERO, MEXICO
cultivation practices were described and related to productive aspects of the plant. The
four varieties of jewish bean identified were pole brown, white, shrub brown and black.
The prevalence of jewish bean cultivation was 56.36% and the most frequent variety
was the shrub brown bean compared to the other varieties (p<0.0004). The activity was
Instituto Politécnico Nacional
carried out by men and women of different ages (senile, adults or young), but mostly
without school education and with a maximum primary level. Six management practices
Núm. 60: 381-394. Julio 2025 (seeds per point, planting density, distance between plants, furrows distance, cleaning
frequency and amount of fertilizer) developed by producers were identified as being
DOI:
fundamental for seed production. It is concluded that the jewish bean is an important
10.18387/polibotanica.60.23 food in rural families in Pungarabato municipality of Tierra Caliente region of Guerrero
and the management practices developed by the producers were related to the production
of the crops regardless of the variety of V. unguiculata [L.] Walp.
Key words: food security, traditional crops, management practices, poverty,
marginalization.

RESUMEN: El frijol judío o judillo (Vigna unguiculata [L] Walp), es un alimento

básico para las familias en el medio rural del trópico de Guerrero. El estudio fue
desarrollado para conocer la prevalencia del cultivo de V. unguiculata [L] Walp entre los
agricultores, se describieron las prácticas de cultivo y fueron relacionadas con aspectos
productivos de la planta. Las cuatro variedades de frijol judío identificadas fueron el
bayo trepador, blanco, bayo arbustivo y negro. La prevalencia de cultivo de frijol judío
fue del 56.36% y la variedad más frecuente fue el bayo de arbusto comparado a las otras
variedades (p<0.0004). La actividad la desarrollaron hombres y mujeres de diferentes

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edades (senil, adultos o jóvenes), pero en su mayoría sin instrucción escolar y máximo nivel
primario. Fueron identificadas seis prácticas de manejo (semillas por punto, densidad de siembra,
distancia entre plantas, distancia entre surcos, frecuencia de limpieza y cantidad de fertilizante)
desarrolladas por los productores que fueron fundamentales para la producción de semilla. Se
concluye que el frijol judío es un alimento importante en las familias rurales de Pungarabato
municipio de la región Tierra Caliente de Guerrero y las prácticas de manejo que desarrollaron
los productores estuvieron relacionadas con la producción de los cultivos independientemente de
la variedad de V. unguiculata [L.] Walp.
Palabras clave: seguridad alimentaria, cultivos tradicionales, prácticas de manejo, pobreza,
marginación.

INTRODUCTION

Today, one of humanity's greatest challenges is to achieve sustainable food security for a growing
population while mitigating biodiversity loss in a context of climate change (Godfray, 2014;
Mehrabi et al., 2018; Myers et al., 2017). Climate change is expected to reduce yields of key
crops such as wheat (6.0%), rice (3.2%), corn (7.4%) and soybeans (3.1%) by the end of the
century (Zhao et al., 2017). In contrast, food production must increase by more than 62% to food
10 billion people by 2050 (Godfray et al., 2010; Tilman et al., 2011; Van - Dijk et al., 2021). The
solution includes strategies such as reducing inequalities, healthy diets with reduced food waste
and sustainable production of primary crops (Ruben et al., 2021; Willett et al., 2019; Geyik et
al., 2022). The Fabaceae represents a food important in humans and animal, rich in minerals such
as N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, and also constitutes a source of Fe and Zn (Valdés – Márquez et al.,
2023). The bean grain has a high nutritional value and is rich in proteins and essential amino
acids, with important contributions to the human diet (De Conceico – Dos Santos et al., 2022).
The jewish beans grows well in harsh environments where other legumes do not grow, withstands
high temperatures, tolerates drought and produces in soils with nutrient deficiencies (Carvalho et
al., 2016). It establishes symbiosis with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi, which reduces the use of
fertilizer and favors the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil (Carvalho et al.,
2016; Fageria et al., 2005). According to Carneiro – Da Silva et al., (2019) These attributes allow
these species to be recognized as an important crop in the structure of sustainable agroecosystems.
The jewish bean (V. unguiculata [L] Walp) has a promising future because it has a high resistance
to adverse climate changes (Kotir, 2011; Chandra et al., 2023). In Mexico, naturally adapted
varieties are produced on a small scale and for family consumption (Morales – Morales et al.,
2019). They occupy approximately 240 ha and the states that most produced are Yucatán,
Tabasco, Campeche and Quintana Roo with average productions of 527 kg/ha -1 (SIAP, 2022;
2023). Good agricultural practices, such as crop rotation, improve the nutrients availability in the
soil, its structure and biological activity, and reduce the incidence of pests and diseases Díaz -
Solís and Morejón – Rivera, (2018). Integrated crop management, which includes sustainable
practices and the rational use of inputs, is crucial to maintaining productivity and minimizing
contamination with the use of chemicals (Alvarado et al., 2024). Production is associated with
planting density, cultivation area, distance between plants, cleaning, amount of fertilizer and the
method of planting (Reyes – González et al., 2021). The objective of the study was to determine
the prevalence of the cultivation of jewish bean (V. unguivulata [L] Walp), the varieties cultivated
and the relationship of management practices with the productive yield of the crops.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was conducted in the Guerrero tropics (18° 20’ 30” NL and 100° 39’ 18” WL), at 250
masl. The predominant climate was warm subhumid (Aw0). The minimum and maximum annual
temperature ranged from 28 °C to 46 °C, with annual precipitation of 750 mm (Reynolds et al.,

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1995). Pungarabato is a municipality with 38,000 inhabitants, where 52.7% of its population lived
in moderate to extreme poverty. Vulnerability was especially evident in the social and economic
areas, particularly in terms of access to healthcare and food, affecting the life quality of the
population (CONEVAL, 2020). The sample (n) was obtained with the formula:

𝑍 2 𝑝. 𝑞
𝑛=
𝐸2

Were:

Z= minimum confidence level used (95%) to generalize the results to the entire population
p y q= represents the maximum variation of the study (50%) probability of finding or not finding
the culture
E= indicates the maximum tolerable error (10%) in the study

These parameters that were introduced into the statistical program winepi-episcope 2.0 modified
by (Thrusfield et al. 2001). The program yielded a sample of 97 farmers, however, to increase
certainty, 110 producers interviewed during a field visit were considered as the final sample. The
selection of the farmers interviewed was random, men and women with agricultural activity in
general, which allowed to know the frequency of the crop in the study area (farmers who
cultivated the bean and those who did not). From the sample visited, only those who at the time
of the study had jewish bean cultivation (Vigna unguiculata [L] Walp) were selected (n = 62,
which represented 68.2% of the total sample) to whom questions were asked in a survey format.
The survey collected information on the farmers' age, educational level, and years cultivating the
jewish bean. The age and educational level of producers can be a reflection of formality, their
organizational capacity and accessibility to the transfer of knowledge and technologies, the
heritage and interest of the new generations to continue with the cultivation. The years of
cultivation help to know the experience of the producer and the changes that he has observed in
the plant over time. Aspects of crop management were also included, such as cultivation area,
planting density, frequency and amount of fertilization, frequency of cleaning, sowing method
among others. The area planted was a reflection of the production scale and the crop impact on
the product supply (total production). The cleaning frequency reflects the competitiveness of the
crop with other weeds and the need to improve practices to costs reduce or environmental damage
due to agrochemicals use. The number seeds per point and the furrows distance are variables
related to the sowing density and crop yield. The sowing type, associated or monoculture, allowed
us to determine the crop's capacity to established in a more sustainable agricultural system. The
type and amount of fertilizer used was an indication of the additional needs of the crop as a
nitrogen-fixing Fabaceae specie. The which ways the product was used and marketed allowed for
an economic balance established and its value as a family’s food in rural areas.

Statistical analysis
The relationship of management variables (plant and furrows distance, sowing density, cleaning
frequency, seed per point, amount of fertilizer) with crop seed production were analyzed by
association measures (correlation and regression) (SAS, 2021). The nonparametric descriptive
chi-square statistic was used to analyze crop frequency by Vignas variety (in a 2*4 contingency
table and 3 degrees of freedom), type of fertilizer used and sowing method (monoculture or
associated cultivation) in a 2*2 contingency table and one degrees of freedom. In all analyses,
the determination of the associated effects was at an alpha of 0.05.

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RESULTS

Population that develops the crop

The farmers who plant the jew bean (Vigna unguiculata [L] Walp) 50% were over 50 years old,
39% were adults between 30-50 years old and only 11% were young people under 30 years old.
Among those who grow beans, 82% were men and 17% women. The analysis of the schooling
of this population stratum showed that 41% have no education at all, 32% have primary education,
4% secondary education, 8% with higher education, and 11% have university studies. The
experience years in farming indicated that 62.9% of farmers were less than 30 years old, 19.4%
were between 30 and 50 years old, and only 17.7% had more than 50 years of experience.

Frequency and varieties of cultivated Vignas

The frequency of cultivation of Vignas was 56% and the cultivated varieties identified were, in
order of importance (p<0.0004), brown seed of Vigna, white seed, brown seed of shrub and black
seed (Figure 1). These varieties have persisted for more than 50 years, identified daily by their
phenotypic characteristics of color and growth habit (Figure 2 A, B, C and D).

abcDifferent
80 literal indicates differences in frequency between varieties
62 X2= 22. 63; p< 0.00004
60 48
a
Farners (n°

40 b bc
c
20
0
yes not Pole Black White Shrub
brown brown
Vigna crop Vigna varieties
Figure 1. Frequency of Jew bean cultivation (Vigna unguiculata [L] Walp), in farmers of the Pungarabato Municipality.
Figura 1. Frecuencia de cultivo de frijol (Vigna unguiculata [L] Walp), en agricultores del Municipio de Pungarabato.

Vignas are beans belonging to the Fabaceae, the varieties identified in the study were four, catalogued
by the phenotypic differences observed, for example the pole growth habit was characteristic of three
varieties A, B and D in Figure 2 and only C showed shrub growth. The violet color of the flower was
characteristic of varieties A, C and D in Figure 2 and only variety B showed white flowers in their
entirety. In the seed more differences were observed, varieties A and C showed brown color, however,
the tone was stronger in variety C, in variety B the seed was white and in variety D it was black (Figure
2). In the shape of the leaf, varieties B, C and D showed triangular leaves and of the three, C had a
light green color and varieties B and D had a strong green color, only variety A showed a circular-
rhombic leaf of a strong green color (Figure 2).

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A: Pole brown B: Pole white C: Shrub brown D: Pole black

Figure 2. Varieties of Vigna unguiculata [L] Walp identified daily by farmers.

Figura 2. Variedades de Vigna unguiculata [L] Walp identificadas diariamente por los agricultores.

Management practices developed by producers

The relationship between the distance between plants and furrows, sowing density, seeds per
point and cleaning frequency as independent variables with the seed production of the crop as
dependent variable is presented in Figure 3. The variables that had a significant positive
correlation from medium to high were seeds per point (r=0.46; p=0.0002), cleaning frequency
(r=0.60; p<0.0001) and sowing density (r=0.80; p<0.0001). The variables that had a significant
negative correlation were the distance between furrows (r=-0.45; p=0.0002) and the distance
between plants (r= -0.53; p<0.0001). The multiple linear regression analysis (R2) indicated that
the variations in the seed production of the Vignas were attributed by 74% (R2=0.74; p<0.0001)
to the management practices provided to the crop at the time of sowing (Plant distance (cm),
furrow’s distance (cm), sowing density (kg/ha) and point seeds (n°)) and the cleaning frequency
(n°) during the productive cycle and based on the results the prediction equation observed in
Figure 3 was standardized. This indicated that producers who planted a greater quantity of seed
per ha, more seeds per point, less distance between plants and furrows and more cleaning
practices in their crops, harvested a greater quantity of seed at the end of the productive cycle of
the plant. The sowing method mixed (n=23; 37%) and monoculture (n=39; 63%) was not related
to changes in crop production.

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250.0
r= -0.53; p-value:<0.0001 250.0 r= -0.45; p-value: 0.0002
200.0

Production kg/ha
Production kg/ha

200.0
150.0 150.0

100.0 100.0

50.0 50.0

0.0
0.0 0 100 200 300
0 50 100 150 200
Furrows distance (cm)
Plant distance (cm)
250.0 250.0
r= 0.80; p-value:<0.0001
r= 0.60; p-value:<0.0001
200.0 200.0

Production kg/ha
Production kg/ha

150.0 150.0

100.0 100.0

50.0 50.0

0.0 0.0
0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500 0 1 2 3 4
Sowing density (kg/ha) Cleaning frequency (n°)
250.0 R2=0.74; p<0.0001
r= 0.46; p>0.0002
Equation prediction:
Production hk/ha

200.0

150.0
Production (kg/ha)
100.0 = −100.8
+ 0.12(plant distance in cm)
50.0 + 0.53(furrows distance in cm)
+ 474(sowin density in 𝑘𝑘/ℎ𝑘)
0.0
− 70.13(cleaning frequency in n°)
0 1 2 3 4
− 16.0(point seed in n°)
Point sedds (n°)

Figure 3. Correlation and multiple regression between seed production as a dependent variable with plant distance
sowing method cleaning frequency and point seeds with bean production as independent variables.
Figura 3. Correlación y regresión múltiple entre producción de semillas como variable dependiente con distancia entre
plantas, método de siembra, frecuencia de limpieza y semillas puntuales con producción de frijol como variables
independientes.

In Figure 4, a moderate to high positive correlation was observed and was significant (r=0.69;
p<0.0001) which showed that with increased fertilization, seed production increased in the V.
unguiculata crop. The regression analysis showed a medium relationship (R2=0.536; p<0.0001)
which indicated that the changes in seed production of the plant were explained in 48.4% by the
addition of fertilizer, which yielded a prediction equation (Figure 4A) for seed production (y) at
the expense of fertilization as an independent variable (x). The type of fertilizer used was

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nitrogen: diammonium phosphate (18% N - 46% P) and urea (46% N) and was not related to the
crop production level (p>0.05) (Figure 4B).

60
250
y = 0.9689x + 50.057 50 X2= 0.37; p= 0.5

Farmers (nº 62)

200 R² = 0.536; <0.0001
Seed production kg/ha

r=0.73; p <0.0001
40

150
30

100 20

10
50

0
0
0 50 100 150 B 18-46 Urea 100-150 151-300
A Fertilizer kg/ha Fertilizer type Production
(kg/ha)
Figure 4. Fertilization practice type and quantity and its relationship with bean production.
Figura 4. Tipo y cantidad de práctica de fertilización y su relación con la producción de frijol.

Use and profitability of the crop

Figure 5 contains the expenses attributed to the cultivation of Vignas as well as the total income
and net profit. It was observed that the expenses per hectare ranged between $2,593.55 pesos Mx,
and the total income was 7,517.27 pesos Mx, of which $2,477.27 pesos Mx were for the sale of
the seed and $5,040 pesos Mx for the sale of ejote (ripe fruit characterized by having the complete
formation of the seed and humidity around 60%). The net profit of the cultivation of jew oscillated
between $4,923.72 pesos Mx per productive cycle ha-1. It is important to mention that the
estimates of utilities included 47 and 35% of the use for self-consumption in the form of seeds
($1,164.2 Mexican pesos) and green beans ($1,764 Mexican pesos) respectively, which
represented an economic saving for families.

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8000

7000

6000
Money (Mx)

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
Investment Consumption Sold Consumption Sold
pesos MX
Seed Green bean
Utility pesos MX Total Net utility

Figure 5. Relationship between expenses and income that farmers obtain from bean cultivation (Mx pesos/ha).
Figura 5. Relación entre gastos e ingresos que obtienen los agricultores del cultivo de frijol (pesos mexicanos/ha).

DISCUSSION
Population that develops the crop
The participation of older women and men was a reflection of the importance of the activity of
growing Vignas in the family economy, especially since it is one of the most economically
vulnerable strata of the population in the region due to unemployment and marginalization.
Furthermore, the analysis of the academic preparation of this population places them at a
disadvantage when competing for employment and, alternatively, this may justify the fact that
this agricultural sector remains in the activity for between 5 and 50 years, in order to ensure food
for their family and diversify income from the trade of the product. Another interesting fact is
that the strongest stratum that cultivates Vignas is the adult to elderly population, and this
Morales-Morales et al., (2019) related that the crops developed mostly by the senile adult
population implement management practices based on empiricism, which has implied a dynamic
selection process, in which farmers conserve the plants that best adapt to their local conditions.
It was also observed that the activity is inherited by the participation of a small stratum of young
adults, which has allowed local varieties to be preserved through generations.

Frequency and varieties of Vignas cultivated

The high prevalence of bean cultivation among farmers in the area reinforces that this bean is an
important food for the fed security of families in rural areas. Brush and Perales, (2007) reported
that local crops allow the population to have a constant source of food. Furthermore, V.
unguiculata is a specie native to Africa, however, farmers mentioned that the Vignas varieties
they cultivated were conserved over the years adapted ones and well adapted to tropical climate
conditions, Choudhary et al., (2017) mentioned that local varieties acquired greater resistance to
specific pests and diseases and adapted better to climate change. The pole brown jew was

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established as the most important variety of Vigna, because comparatively it was the most
abundant crop (Figure 1) and the farmers expressed that they like this variety very much because
of the ease of establishing it in monoculture or associated according to the need, but it also
facilitates the cleaning of weeds and greater density of plants with greater coverage that favors
the self-control of weeds in the lower stratum of the crop, by reducing the penetration of solar
rays into the soil, advantages that they also described Yzarra-Aguilar et al., (2023) On the
contrary, the farmers said that the varieties of the white, black and brown bean, are Vignas that
grow like a pole and need a tutor to climb and spread, which is why they were preferably grown
in association with corn plants. Among the drawbacks, the producers mentioned the difficulty of
cleaning them. However, these varieties are still grown because they diversified the flavors in the
dish, and the size of the seed translates into good results in terms of yield. Furthermore, the
presence of nodules can favor nitrogen fixation in the soil and Yzarra-Aguilar et al., (2023)
reported that associated crops prevented water and wind erosion of the soil, and specifically
legumes play symbiotic roles by fixing atmospheric nitrogen (N) to the soil in a biological way
due to the presence of nodules in the root system (Figure 6). (Sahoo et al., 2023) they reported
that a cropping system involving corn and Catilla beans (Vigna unguiculata [L] Walp) decreased
water erosion by reducing water runoff attributed to greater vegetation cover at ground level.

Figure 6. Nodules developed by Vigna unguiculata [L] Walp plants.

Figura 6. Nódulos desarrollados por plantas de Vigna unguiculata [L] Walp

Management practices developed by producers

The influence and trends of management practices presented in Figure 3 on the production, were
related to the final density of the plant. Ciampitti and Vyn, (2011) stated that population density,
distance between rows and plants were important factors in the agronomic management that
determines the biomass production and grain yield of crops, similar to what was obtained in this
study. Production systems for green beans (V. unguiculata) range from traditional practices to
modern agricultural techniques. Doebley et al., (2006) reported that traditional practices are
usually low-input but highly dependent on climatic conditions while modern practices use
advanced technologies to maximize efficiency and minimize environmental impact. However,
the productive aspect was not the only important factor among farmers, because they expressed
that the associated cultivation provides other benefits to the soil such as reducing erosion and
improving soil fertility attributed to the presence of the legume. Yzarra-Aguilar et al., (2023) they
reported that associated crops of grasses and legumes are valuable to farmers due to the ability of
grasses to reduce soil erosion and the increase in soil fertility attributed to legumes, in addition

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to weed control and more stable nutrition. Jing-Xiu et al. (2021) they reported that legumes can
fix nitrogen to the soil between 30 to 60 kg ha -1 per year, which can represent up to 40% in an
associated cropping system. Sahoo et al. (2023) associated crops of corn with lower legumes,
corn acts as a barrier against the winds, providing protection to lower legume crops by
establishing a symbiotic relationship between crops. The correlation of fertilization with the seed
production of the crop described in this study was similar to that observed by Sakpal et al. (2022)
who reported a positive effect of fertilization on the growth and production of V. unguiculata L.
Poudel et al. (2023) increased seed production with phosphorus fertilization in a V. unguiculata
crop. This indicates the need to regulate soil mineral deficiencies so that crops can express greater
productive potential.

Uses and profitability of cultivation

In the section on uses, it was observed that producers diversify the crop use, that is, they consume
and sell it as green beans, as seeds, but also the leaves and straw remain as a remainder for animal
feed. In terms of crop profitability, the results highlight the importance of Vignas in the family
economy and in food security, especially in rural areas where low incomes and scarcity of
employment predominate, for example, in Figure 5 it can be seen that 47% of what is produced
is used for self-consumption in the form of seeds and 35% in the form of green beans. In the same
figure it is perceived that the sustainability of the crop is attributed to the use for self-consumption
which results in family savings by avoiding the purchase of food sustenance, in addition to the
sale of green beans and seeds to have cash. (Olivares-Pérez et al., 2018; Olivares-Pérez et al.,
2016; Olivares-Pérez et al., 2011) they also reported that diversification in the use of natural
resources in production systems can increase economic benefits for family sustenance or
satisfactions that reduce investment costs in the operation of the systems.

CONCLUSIONS
The cultivated varieties of the jew bean (V. unguiculata [L] Walp) were the brown pole bean,
white bean, brown bush bean, and black bean. The most abundant variety was the shrub Vigna
with brown seeds. The Vignas have been grown associated or monocultures and are sustainable,
because it is an activity with more than fifty years of inheritance and develops men and women
with family labor using adapted local varieties. Management practices that had a positive
relationship with seed production were planting density, seeds per point at planting moment,
cleaning frequency of weed and the amount of fertilizer added to the crop and the management
practices that had a negative relationship with seed production were only the distance between
plants and furrows. The Vignas in the region are marketed in the form of seeds and green beans,
they are also a source of food for families and an option of the economic income.

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