RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1038/s41467-021-27326-0 A1 Kariotis, Sokratis A1 Jammeh, Emmanuel A1 Swietlik, Emilia M. A1 Pickworth, Josephine A. A1 Rhodes, Christopher J. A1 Otero, Pablo A1 Wharton, John A1 Iremonger, James A1 Dunning, Mark J. A1 Pandya, Divya A1 Mascarenhas, Thomas S. A1 Errington, Niamh A1 Thompson, A. A. Roger A1 Romanoski, Casey E. A1 Rischard, Franz A1 Garcia, Joe G. N. A1 Yuan, Jason X.-J. A1 An, Tae-Hwi Schwantes A1 Desai, Ankit A. A1 Coghlan, Gerry A1 Lordan, Jim A1 Corris, Paul A. A1 Howard, Luke S. A1 Condliffe, Robin A1 Kiely, David G. A1 Church, Colin A1 Pepke-Zaba, Joanna A1 Toshner, Mark A1 Wort, Stephen A1 Gräf, Stefan A1 Morrell, Nicholas W. A1 Wilkins, Martin R. A1 Lawrie, Allan A1 Wang, Dennis A1 Bleda, Marta A1 Hadinnapola, Charaka A1 Haimel, Matthias A1 Auckland, Kate A1 Tilly, Tobias A1 Martin, Jennifer M. A1 Yates, Katherine A1 Treacy, Carmen M. A1 Day, Margaret A1 Greenhalgh, Alan A1 Shipley, Debbie A1 Peacock, Andrew J. A1 Irvine, Val A1 Kennedy, Fiona A1 Moledina, Shahin A1 MacDonald, Lynsay A1 Tamvaki, Eleni A1 Barnes, Anabelle A1 Cookson, Victoria A1 Chentouf, Latifa A1 Ali, Souad A1 Othman, Shokri A1 Ranganathan, Lavanya A1 Gibbs, J. Simon R. A1 DaCosta, Rosa A1 Pinguel, Joy A1 Dormand, Natalie A1 Parker, Alice A1 Stokes, Della A1 Ghedia, Dipa A1 Tan, Yvonne A1 Ngcozana, Tanaka A1 Wanjiku, Ivy A1 Polwarth, Gary A1 Mackenzie Ross, Rob V. A1 Suntharalingam, Jay A1 Grover, Mark A1 Kirby, Ali A1 Grove, Ali A1 White, Katie A1 Seatter, Annette A1 Creaser-Myers, Amanda A1 Walker, Sara A1 Roney, Stephen A1 Elliot, Charles A. A1 Charalampopoulos, Athanasios A1 Sabroe, Ian A1 Hameed, Abdul A1 Armstrong, Iain A1 Hamilton, Neil A1 Rothman, Alex M. K. A1 Swift, Andrew J. A1 Wild, James M. A1 Soubrier, Florent A1 Eyries, Mélanie A1 Humbert, Marc A1 Montani, David A1 Girerd, Barbara A1 Scelsi, Laura A1 Ghio, Stefano A1 Gall, Henning A1 Ghofrani, Ardi A1 Bogaard, Harm J. A1 Noordegraaf, Anton Vonk A1 Houweling, Arjan C. A1 Veld, Anna Huis in’t A1 Schotte, Gwen T1 Biological heterogeneity in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension identified through unsupervised transcriptomic profiling of whole blood JF Nature Communications YR 2021 FD 2021-12-07 VO 12 AB Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is a rare but fatal disease diagnosed by right heart catheterisation and the exclusion of other forms of pulmonary arterial hypertension, producing a heterogeneous population with varied treatment response. Here we show unsupervised machine learning identification of three major patient subgroups that account for 92% of the cohort, each with unique whole blood transcriptomic and clinical feature signatures. These subgroups are associated with poor, moderate, and good prognosis. The poor prognosis subgroup is associated with upregulation of the ALAS2 and downregulation of several immunoglobulin genes, while the good prognosis subgroup is defined by upregulation of the bone morphogenetic protein signalling regulator NOG, and the C/C variant of HLA-DPA1/DPB1 (independently associated with survival). These findings independently validated provide evidence for the existence of 3 major subgroups (endophenotypes) within the IPAH classification, could improve risk stratification and provide molecular insights into the pathogenesis of IPAH. PB Nature Research SN 2041-1723 LK https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/260156/