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米

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 釆
米 U+7C73, 米
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7C73
← 籲
[U+7C72] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 籴 →
[U+7C74]
⽶ U+2F76, ⽶
KANGXI RADICAL RICE
← ⽵
[U+2F75] 		Kangxi Radicals ⽷ →
[U+2F77]

Translingual

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Stroke order

Han character

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See images of
Radical 119 米

米 (Kangxi radical 119, 米+0, 6 strokes, cangjie input 火木 (FD), four-corner 90904, composition ⿻丷木(GHJKV) or ⿻十⿱丷八(T) or ⿻丷⿻十八(T))

  1. Kangxi radical #119, ⽶.

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 906, character 31
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 26832
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1331, character 28
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3141, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+7C73

Chinese

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trad. 米
simp. # 米
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 米 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 米 (Cantonese)
  • 米 (Classical)
  • mī (Eastern Min)
  • bí (Southern Min)

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 米
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (米) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
謎 *miː, *miːs
迷 *miː
米 *miːʔ
眯 *miːʔ
洣 *miːʔ
蔝 *miːʔ
麊 *me
冞 *me
糜 *mral
敉 *meʔ
侎 *meʔ
麋 *mril
蘪 *mril
攗 *mril

Pictogram (象形) – rice kernels without husk. The character 粟, by contrast, refers to rice kernels with husk. According to Li Xiaoding (李孝定), the horizontal stroke is a bamboo sieve (籭 or 篩子). See also the bottom component of 暴 in its original form.

Unrelated to 木, 禾, and 来.

Etymology 1

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma-j ~ mej (“rice; paddy”). Cognate with Garo mi (“rice”), Atong (India) mai (“rice”), Jingpho ma (“rice; paddy”), Rabha মাই (mai), Dimasa mai.

Pronunciation

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  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 米
Mandarin Beijing /mi²¹⁴/
Harbin /mi²¹³/
Tianjin /mi¹³/
Jinan /mi⁵⁵/
Qingdao /mi⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /mi⁵³/
Xi'an /mi⁵³/
Xining /mji⁵³/
Yinchuan /mi⁵³/
Lanzhou /mi⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /mi⁵¹/
Wuhan /mi⁴²/
Chengdu /mi⁵³/
Guiyang /mi⁴²/
Kunming /mi⁵³/
Nanjing /mi²¹²/
Hefei /mz̩²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /mi⁵³/
Pingyao /mi⁵³/
Hohhot /mi⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /mi²³/
Suzhou /mi³¹/
Hangzhou /mi⁵³/
Wenzhou /mei³⁵/
Hui Shexian /mi³⁵/
Tunxi /me²⁴/
Xiang Changsha /mi⁴¹/
Xiangtan /mi⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /mi²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /mi³¹/
Taoyuan /mi³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /mɐi²³/
Nanning /mei²⁴/
Hong Kong /mɐi¹³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /bi⁵³/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /mi³²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /mi²¹/ 量
/mi⁴²/ 名
Shantou (Teochew) /bi⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /vi²¹³/
Rime
Character 米
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 明 (4)
Final (韻) 齊 (39)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 莫禮切
Baxter mejX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/meiX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/meiX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/mɛiX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/mɛjX/
Li
Rong 		/meiX/
Wang
Li 		/mieiX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/mieiX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		mǐ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		mai5
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 米
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		mǐ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ mejX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*(C.)mˁ[e]jʔ/
English millet or rice grains, dehusked and polished

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 米
Reading # 1/1
No. 9003
Phonetic
component 		米
Rime
group 		脂
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		米
Old
Chinese 		/*miːʔ/

Definitions

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米

  1. hulled or husked uncooked rice (Classifier: 粒 m c mn; 顆／颗 m)
  2. husked seed
  3. grain-like things
  4. (chiefly Cantonese) Short for 米粉 (mǐfěn, “rice vermicelli”).
    星洲炒米  ―  Xīngzhōu chǎomǐ  ―  Singapore-style noodles
    雪菜火鴨絲炆米 [Cantonese, trad.]
    雪菜火鸭丝炆米 [Cantonese, simp.]
    syut3 coi3 fo2 aap3 si1 man1 mai5 [Jyutping]
    braised rice vermicelli with pickled mustard and shredded roast duck
  5. (Cantonese, Shanghainese, slang) money
    有米 [Cantonese]  ―  jau5 mai5 [Jyutping]  ―  rich
    背米 [Shanghainese]  ―  5pe 6mi [Wugniu]  ―  to earn money
  6. (Shanghainese, slang) ten thousand of a currency designation; ten grand (Classifier: 粒 w)
  7. a surname
    米芾  ―  Mǐ Fú  ―  Mi Fu (Song artist)
Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 大米 (“husked uncooked rice”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 米
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 稻米
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 白米, 大米, 米
Taiwan 米
Harbin 大米, 米
Malaysia 米
Singapore 米
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 大米
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 大米
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 大米
Wanrong 大米
Xi'an 白米
Xining 大米, 米
Xuzhou 大米, 米
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 稻米, 白米
Lanzhou 大米
Ürümqi 米
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 米, 大米, 飯米
Wuhan 米
Guiyang 米
Guilin 米
Liuzhou 米
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 米
Yangzhou 米
Hefei 米
Cantonese Guangzhou 米
Hong Kong 米
Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 米
Dongguan 米
Yangjiang 米
Danzhou 米
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 米
Singapore (Guangfu) 米
Gan Nanchang 米
Lichuan 米
Pingxiang 米
Hakka Meixian 米
Yudu 米
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 米
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 米
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 米
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 米
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 米
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 米
Hong Kong 米
Senai (Huiyang) 米
Kuching (Hepo) 米
Huizhou Jixi 米
Shexian 米
Huangshan (Tunxi) 米
Jin Taiyuan 大米
Xinzhou 大米
Northern Min Jian'ou 米
Jian'ou (Dikou) 米
Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 米
Pucheng (Shibei) 早米
Eastern Min Fuzhou 米
Southern Min Xiamen 米
Quanzhou 米
Zhangzhou 米
Singapore (Hokkien) 米
Manila (Hokkien) 米
Chaozhou 米
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 米
Singapore (Teochew) 米
Leizhou 米
Wenchang 米
Haikou 米
Puxian Min Putian 米
Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) 米
Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) 米
Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) 米
Xianyou 米
Xianyou (Fengting) 米
Xianyou (Youyang) 米
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 米
Wu Shanghai 米
Shanghai (Chongming) 米
Suzhou 米
Danyang 米
Hangzhou 米
Ningbo 米
Wenzhou 米
Jinhua 米
Xiang Changsha 米
Loudi 米
Shuangfeng 米

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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Short for 米突 (mǐtū), from English metre.

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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米

  1. metre
    米三 [Teochew]  ―  bhi2 san1 [Peng'im]  ―  1.3 metres
    我有一米九高。  ―  Wǒ yǒu yī mǐ jiǔ gāo.  ―  I'm 1.9 metres tall.
Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 米 (“metre”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 米, 公尺
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 米, 公尺
Taiwan 公尺, 米
Chifeng 米, 公尺
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 米, 公尺
Harbin 米, 公尺
Shenyang 米, 公尺
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 米, 公尺
Tangshan 米, 公尺
Cangzhou 米, 公尺
Baoding 米, 公尺
Shijiazhuang 米, 公尺
Jinan 米, 公尺
Jiaoliao Mandarin Qingdao 米, 公尺
Central Plains Mandarin Zhengzhou 米, 公尺
Xi'an 米, 公尺
Xining 米, 公尺
Xuzhou 米, 公尺
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 米, 公尺
Lanzhou 米, 公尺
Ürümqi 米, 公尺
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 米, 公尺
Chongqing 米, 公尺
Wuhan 米, 公尺
Guiyang 米, 公尺
Kunming 米, 公尺
Guilin 米, 公尺
Liuzhou 米, 公尺
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 米, 公尺
Yangzhou 米, 公尺
Nantong 米, 公尺
Hefei 米, 公尺
Cantonese Guangzhou 米
Hong Kong 米, 公尺, M
Hakka Miaoli (N. Sixian) 公尺
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 公尺
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 公尺
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 公尺
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 公尺
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 公尺
Huizhou Shexian 米, 公尺
Jin Taiyuan 米, 公尺
Xinzhou 米, 公尺
Linhe 米, 公尺
Jining 米, 公尺
Hohhot 米, 公尺
Zhangjiakou 米, 公尺
Handan 米, 公尺
Southern Min Xiamen 米, 公尺
Quanzhou 米, 公尺
Zhangzhou 米, 公尺
Tainan 米
Wu Suzhou 米
Jinhua 米

Compounds

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See also

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  • (unit of length): 丈 (zhàng), 尺 (chǐ), 寸 (cùn), 分 (fēn)

Etymology 3

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Pronunciation

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Definitions

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米

  1. Only used in 米魯／米鲁.

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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米

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. rice
  2. (ateji) meter
  3. (ateji) America
  4. (ateji) United States

Readings

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Compounds
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Compounds

Etymology 1

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Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
Kanji in this term
米
こめ
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

⟨ko2me2⟩ → */kəməj/ → /kome/

From Old Japanese. First appears in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE, with the phonetic man'yōgana spelling 渠梅.[1] In turn, from Proto-Japonic *kəmay.

Many theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:

Pronunciation

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Noun

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米(こめ) • (kome) 

  1. rice (husked grains of the Asian rice plant, Oryza sativa), one of the five grains
    Hypernym: 五穀 (gokoku)
Derived terms
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Derived terms
Proverbs
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Proverbs
Coordinate terms
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See also
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Proper noun

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米(こめ) • (Kome) 

  1. a female given name
  2. a surname

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
米
よね
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

⟨yo2nai⟩ → */jənai/ → */jəne/ → /jone/

First attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE).

Possibly from Proto-Japonic *jənaC- (Vovin, 1998)[7] and related to 稲 (ine, “rice plant”).

Unknown "-C-" consonantal segment, reconstructed by Vovin, seems unlikely considering [a ~ e] vowel alternation, seen in bound form yona- and free form yone:[8]

Compare 藍 (awi → ai, “indigo”) from 青 (awo → ao, “blue”) + い (i, emphatic nominative particle(Can this(+) etymology be sourced?))[9] against 白い /siroi/ from ⟨siro1ki1⟩.[10]

The colloquial sense is derived from the components of the 米 kanji: 八 (hachi, “eight”) + 十 (jū, “ten”) + 八 (hachi, “eight”).

Noun

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米(よね) • (yone) 

  1. the Asian rice plant, Oryza sativa
    Synonym: 稲 (ine)
  2. rice (husked grains of the Asian rice plant, Oryza sativa)
  3. (colloquial) an eighty-eight-year-old
    Synonym: 米寿 (beiju)
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Proper noun

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米(よね) • (Yone) 

  1. a female given name
  2. a surname

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
米
めめ
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Probably a shortened reduplication of kome (see above). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

First cited to a work from 1275.[1]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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米(めめ) • (meme) 

  1. (colloquial) rice (husked grains of the rice plant)

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
米
めーとる
Grade: 2
(ateji)
kun'yomi

Borrowing from French mètre.[4]

The use of this kanji is attested in the Meiji period and is an example of ateji (当て字), shortened from Mandarin 米突 (mǐtū), see Chinese section above.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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米(メートル) • (mētoru) 

  1. Rare spelling of メートル (mētoru): metre (SI unit of length)
  2. Rare spelling of メーター (mētā): meter (a device or implement used for measurement)
Coordinate terms
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Derived terms
Derived terms
See also
See also

Etymology 5

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Kanji in this term
米
べい
Grade: 2
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 米 (MC mejX).

Pronunciation

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Affix

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米(べい) • (bei) ←べい (bei)?

  1. rice
    米価(べいか) (beika, “rice price”)
  2. Short for アメリカ合衆国／亜米利加合衆国 (Amerika Gasshūkoku, “United States (a country)”).
    米国(べいこく) (Beikoku, “US”)
    日米関係(にちべいかんけい) (Nichi-Bei kankei, “Japan–United States relations”)
  3. Short for アメリカ／亜米利加 (Amerika, “the Americas (a region)”).
    南米(なんべい) (Nanbei, “South America”)

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 “米”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ^ Laurent Sagart (2011 December) “How Many Independent Rice Vocabularies in Asia?”, in Rice‎[2], volume 4, numbers 3-4, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 121–133
  3. ^ Martine Robbeets (2017 January 1) “Austronesian influence and Transeurasian ancestry in Japanese: A case of farming/language dispersal”, in Language Dynamics and Change‎[3], volume 7, number 2, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 210–251
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
  6. ^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
  7. ^ Whitman, John (2012). "Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan, Rice, Volume 4, Issue 3–4, pp 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0
  8. ^ Salingre, Maëlys Apophonic toponyms in Japanese 2019
  9. ^ Thomas Pellard (2013). Ryukyuan perspectives on the proto-Japonic vowel system. Frellesvig, Bjarke; Sells, Peter. Japanese/Korean Linguistics 20, CSLI Publications, pp.81–96, 2013.
  10. ^ Hamano, S. "Voicing of Obstruents in Old Japanese: Evidence from the Sound-Symbolic Stratum." Journal of East Asian Linguistics (2000) 9. 3: 207-225. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008367619295

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 米 (MC mejX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 몡〯 (Yale: myěy)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[6] ᄡᆞᆯ〮 (Yale: psól) 미〯 (Yale: mǐ)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

米 (eumhun 쌀 미 (ssal mi))

  1. hanja form? of 미 (“rice”) [affix]

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [7]

Old Korean

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Suffix

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米 (*-moy?)

  1. Apparently a verbal causative suffix; because, since

Reconstruction notes

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  • This form is attested commonly in the hyangga poems of the first millennium, but nowhere else.
  • In the twentieth century, this was conventionally compared to Modern Korean 으매 (-eumae, “because, since”), but this seems impossible given that the modern construction is a grammaticalization of elements not found in Old Korean, and is not attested in Middle Korean.
  • Some scholars believe it is a mere orthographic variant of 㢱 (*-mye, connective suffix).

Further reading

[edit]
  • 이용 (Yi-Yong) (1999) 연결 어미의 형성에 관한 연구 [yeon'gyeol eomiui hyeongseong'e gwanhan yeon'gu, Study of the formation of connective suffixes], Seoul City University (PhD), pages 144—146
  • 김지오 (Kim Ji-o) (2019) “고대국어 연결어미 연구의 현황과 과제 [godaegugeo yeon'gyeoreomi yeon'guui hyeonhwanggwa gwaje, The conditions and future tasks of analyzing connective endings in Old Korean]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 43, pages 55–87

Vietnamese

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Chữ Hán

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米: Hán Việt readings: mễ (莫(mạc)禮(lễ)切(thiết))[1][2]
米: Nôm readings: mễ[1][2][3][4], mè[1]

Noun

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米

  1. chữ Hán form of mễ (“rice grains”).

Proper noun

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米

  1. chữ Hán form of Mễ (“(Overseas Vietnamese or obsolete) Mexico (a country in North America)”).

Compounds

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Noun

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米

  1. chữ Hán form of mễ (“rice grains”).

Proper noun

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米

  1. chữ Hán form of Mễ (“(Overseas Vietnamese or obsolete) Mexico”).

Compounds

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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Trần (2004).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bonet (1899).
  3. ^ Génibrel (1898).
  4. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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