Jump to content

Kuching

Coordinates: 01°33′27″N 110°20′38″E / 1.55750°N 110.34389°E / 1.55750; 110.34389
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the city in Sarawak, Malaysia. For the administrative division, see Kuching Division. For the administrative district, see Kuching District. For the federal constituency represented in the Dewan Rakyat, see Bandar Kuching (federal constituency). For other subsets of the Kuching district, see Padawan municipality.

Kuching
State capital city and district capital
City of Kuching
Bandar Raya Kuching
Other transcription(s)
 • Jawiکوچيڠ‎
 • Chinese古晋
Gǔjìn (Hanyu Pinyin)
 • Tamilகூச்சிங்
Kūcciṅ (Transliteration)
From top, left to right:
Kuching skyline from Sarawak River, the Sarawak State Museum, Fort Margherita, The Astana, the Darul Hana bridge near State Assembly building, Chinatown, and iconic cat statues.
Official seal of Kuching
Commission of the City of Kuching North
Official logo of Kuching
Council of the City of Kuching South
Nickname(s): 
"Cat City",
Bandaraya Perpaduan (City of Unity)
Map
Location of Kuching in Sarawak
Kuching is located in Sarawak
Kuching
Kuching
Kuching is located in Malaysia
Kuching
Kuching
Kuching is located in Southeast Asia
Kuching
Kuching
Kuching is located in Asia
Kuching
Kuching
Coordinates: 01°33′27″N 110°20′38″E / 1.55750°N 110.34389°E / 1.55750; 110.34389
Country Malaysia
State Sarawak
DivisionKuching
DistrictKuching
Founded by the Sultanate of Brunei1827
Settled by James Brooke18 August 1842
Municipality status1 January 1953
City status1 August 1988
Government
 • TypeCity council
 • BodyCommission of Kuching North City Hall
Council of the City of Kuching South
 • Mayor of Kuching NorthHilmy Othman
 • Mayor of Kuching SouthWee Hong Seng
Area
[1]
 • City of Kuching
450.02 km2 (173.75 sq mi)
 • Metro
2,770.90 km2 (1,069.85 sq mi)
 • Kuching North378.20 km2 (146.02 sq mi)
 • Kuching South71.82 km2 (27.73 sq mi)
Elevation
[2][3]
8 m (26 ft)
Highest elevation
[4]
810.2 m (2,658.1 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2021)[5]
 • City of Kuching
402,738
 • Density754.33/km2 (1,953.7/sq mi)
 • Metro
723,854
 • Metro density336.8/km2 (872/sq mi)
 • Demonym
Kuchingite / Orang Kuching
 (Sourced from Department of Statistics Malaysia (DoSM), 2022)
Time zoneUTC+8 (MST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+8 (Not observed)
Postal code
93xxx
Area code(s)082 (landline only)
Vehicle registrationQA and QK (for all vehicles except taxis)
HQ (for taxis only)
WebsiteKuching North: dbku.sarawak.gov.my
Kuching South: mbks.sarawak.gov.my

Kuching (/ˈkuːtʃɪŋ/ KOO-ching, Malay: ['kutʃɪŋ]) officially the City of Kuching,[6] is the capital and the most populous city in the state of Sarawak in Malaysia.[7] It is also the capital of Kuching Division. The city is on the Sarawak River at the southwestern tip of Sarawak on the island of Borneo and covers an area of 431 km2 (166 sq mi) with a population about 165,642 in the Kuching North administrative region and 159,490 in the Kuching South administrative region[8][9][10]—a total of 325,132 people.[8]

Kuching was the third capital of Sarawak in 1827 during the administration of the Bruneian Empire. In 1841, Kuching became the capital of the Kingdom of Sarawak after the territory in the area was ceded to James Brooke for helping the Bruneian Empire in crushing a rebellion particularly by the interior Borneo-dwelling Land Dayak people who later became his loyal followers after most of them were pardoned by him and joined his side. The town continued to receive attention and development during the rule of Charles Brooke such as the construction of a sanitation system, hospital, prison, fort, and a bazaar. In 1941, the Brooke administration had a Centenary Celebration in Kuching. During World War II, Kuching was occupied by Japanese forces from 1942 to 1945. The Japanese government set up a Batu Lintang camp near Kuching to hold prisoners of war and civilian internees. After the war, the town survived intact. However, the last Rajah of Sarawak, Sir Charles Vyner Brooke decided to cede Sarawak as part of British Crown Colony in 1946. Kuching remained as capital during the Crown Colony period. After the formation of Malaysia in 1963, Kuching retained its status as state capital and was granted city status in 1988. Since then, Kuching is divided into two administrative regions managed by two separate local authorities Mohd Azri Bin Subohi. The administrative centre of the Sarawak State Government is located at Wisma Bapa Malaysia, Kuching.

Kuching is a major food destination and is a member of UNESCO's Creative Cities Network under the field of gastronomy.[11] Kuching is also the main gateway for travellers visiting Sarawak and Borneo.[12] Kuching Wetlands National Park is located about 30 km (19 mi) from the city and there are many other tourist attractions in and around Kuching such as Bako National Park, Semenggoh Wildlife Centre, Rainforest World Music Festival (RWMF), state assembly building, The Astana, Fort Margherita, Kuching Cat Museum, and Sarawak State Museum / Borneo Cultures Museum. The city has become one of the major industrial and commercial centres in East Malaysia.[13][14]

Etymology

[edit]

The name "Kuching" was already in use for the city by the time Brooke arrived in 1839.[9][15] There are many theories as to the derivation of the name "Kuching". It was perhaps derived from the Malay word for cat, "kucing", or from Cochin, an Indian trading port on the Malabar Coast and a generic term in China and British India for trading harbour.[9] Some Hindu artefacts can be seen today at the Sarawak State Museum.[16] However, another source reported that Kuching was previously known as "Sarawak" before Brooke arrived. The settlement was renamed to "Sarawak Proper" during the kingdom's expansion. It was only in 1872 that Charles Brooke renamed the settlement to "Kuching".[16][17]

There was one unlikely theory based on a story of miscommunication. According to the story, James Brooke arrived in Kuching on his schooner Royalist. He then asked his local guide about the name of the town. The local guide mistakenly thought that Brooke was pointing towards a cat, and so had said the word "Kuching". However, ethnic Malays in Sarawak have always used the term "pusak" for cats (cognate with Filipino pusa), instead of the standard Malay word "kucing" (cognate with Filipino kuting which refers to kittens).[16] Despite this etymological discrepancy, Sarawakians have adopted the animal as a symbol of their city, and it features in statues as well as the municipal council's coat of arms - an example of heraldic canting.

Some source also stated that it was derived from a fruit called "mata kucing" (Euphoria malaiense),[note 1][note 2] a fruit that grows widely in Malaysia and Indonesia.[18] There was also a hill in the city that was named after the fruit, which is called Bukit Mata Kuching. Harriette McDougall writing to her son in the 19th century, stated that the name was derived from a stream of the same name, called "Sungai Kuching" or Cat River in English.[9][19] On page 64 of Bampfylde and Baring-Gould's 1909 'A History of Sarawak under its Two White Rajahs', it says: "Kuching, the capital of Sarawak, is so called from a small stream that runs through the town into the main river...." The stream was situated at the foot of Bukit Mata Kuching and in front of the Tua Pek Kong Temple. In the 1950s, the river became very shallow because of silt deposits in the river. The river was later filled to make way for roads.[16]

There is another theory that Kuching actually means "Ku" (古)- Old and "Ching" (井) - Well or "old well" (古井) in Chinese. During the Brooke administration, there was no water supply and water-borne diseases were common. In 1888, an epidemic broke out which later was known as "Great Cholera Epidemic". A well situated in the present day China Street in Main Bazaar helped to combat the disease by providing clean water supply. Due to increased demand for a water supply, the role of the well was later replaced by water treatment plant on the Bau Road.[16][20]

History

[edit]
Further information: Sultanate of Sarawak
Kuching was later established as the seat of Brooke government under the management of James Brooke.

Sarawak was part of the Bruneian Empire since the reign of the first Sultan of Brunei, Sultan Muhammad Shah. Kuching was the third capital of Sarawak, founded in 1827 by the representative of the Sultan of Brunei, Pengiran Indera Mahkota.[21] Prior to the founding of Kuching, the two past capitals of Sarawak were Santubong, founded by Sultan Pengiran Tengah in 1599, and Lidah Tanah, founded by Datu Patinggi Ali in the early 1820s.[21] The founding of Kuching was spurred by the discovery of antimony ore at the upper Sarawak river in 1924, which was in high demand in the market of nearby Singapore.[22] A Dutch report mentioned that there lived about a hundred Malays and three houses of Chinese in the area shortly before the founding of Kuching.[22] The arrival of Mahkota was not popular with the local Malay chiefs, whose autonomy was restricted by Mahkota's increasing tax and labour demands. The chiefs moved upriver, allied with Dayaks, and rebelled against Brunei. Neither side could gain an edge over the other until 1840 when Pengiran Raja Muda Hashim, the Bruneian Prime Minister, offered to hand over the governorship of Sarawak to British adventurer James Brooke to acquire his help to defeat the rebel chiefs.[22]

Pengiran Raja Muda Hashim later ceded the territory to James Brooke as a reward for helping him to counter the rebellion.[23] The rebellion was crushed in November 1840, and on 24 September 1841, Brooke was appointed as the Governor of Sarawak with the title of Rajah.[23] It was not announced until 18 August 1842, following Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II's ratifying the governorship, and requiring Brooke to pay an annual sum of $2,500 to the Sultan.[23] Since that time, Kuching became the seat of the Brooke government.[24]

The Kuching state prison was situated beside the Square Tower building in 1896.
Children are pulled through the city's streets by a coolie, c. 1919.

The administration was later continued by his nephew, Charles Brooke. As an administrative capital, it became the centre of attention and development.[15] Improvements included a sanitation system.[15] By 1874, the city had completed several developments, including construction of a hospital, prison, Fort Margherita, and many other buildings.[15]

Charles Brooke's wife, in her memoir (My Life in Sarawak), included this description of Kuching:

The little town looked so neat and fresh and prosperous under the careful jurisdiction of the Rajah and his officers, that it reminded me of a box of painted toys kept scrupulously clean by a child. The Bazaar runs for some distance along the banks of river, and this quarter of the town is inhabited almost entirely by Chinese traders, with the exception of one or two Hindoo shops....Groceries of exotic kinds are laid out on tables near the pavement, from which the purchasers make their choice. At the Hindoo shops you can buy silks from India, sarongs from Java, tea from China and tiles and porcelain from all parts of the world, laid out in picturesque confusion, and overflowing into the street.[15][25]

— Margaret Brooke, wife of Charles Brooke.

The Astana (Palace), which is now the official residence of the governor of Sarawak, was constructed next to Brooke's first residence. He had it built in 1869 as a wedding gift to his wife.[26][27] Kuching continued to prosper under Charles Vyner Brooke, who succeeded his father as the Third Rajah of Sarawak.[23] In 1941, Kuching was the site of the Brooke Government Centenary Celebration.[28] A few months later, the Brooke administration came to a close when the Japanese occupied Sarawak.[23]

A street scene of Kuching town shortly after the surrender of Japan, image taken on 12 September 1945.
A piece of Japanese propaganda in Jawi script found in the town after the capturing of the town by the Australian forces.

During the Second World War, six platoons of infantry from 2/15 Punjab Regiment were stationed at Kuching in April 1941.[29] The Regiment defended Kuching and Bukit Stabar airfield from being the destroyed by the Japanese.[29] Defence was mainly concentrated on Kuching and Miri.[29] However, on 24 December 1941, Kuching was conquered by the Japanese forces. Sarawak was ruled as part of the Japanese Empire for three years and eight months, until the official Japanese surrender on 11 September 1945. The official surrender was signed on HMAS Kapunda at Kuching.[30][31][32] From March 1942, the Japanese operated the Batu Lintang camp, for POWs and civilian internees, 5 km (3.1 mi) outside Kuching.[33]

After the end of World War II, the town survived and was wholly undamaged.[34] The third and last Rajah, Sir Charles Vyner Brooke later ceded Sarawak to the British Crown on 1 July 1946.[35][36] During the Crown Colony period, the government worked to develop and improve the infrastructure on Sarawak.[31] Kuching was revitalised as the capital of Sarawak under the British colonial government.[37] When Sarawak, together with North Borneo, Singapore and the Federation of Malaya, formed the Federation of Malaysia in 1963,[38] Kuching kept its status as the state capital and was granted a city status on 1 August 1988.[39][40] Kuching experienced further development throughout the years as the state capital. On 29 July 2015, Kuching was declared as "City of Unity" by One Malaysia Foundation for racial harmony that existed in the city because of cross-racial marriages, multi-racial schools, fair scholarship distributions, and balanced workforce patterns.[41][42]

Governance

[edit]
Local authorities comprising Greater Kuching with a total area of 2030.94 square kilometres:
  Kuching North City Hall (DBKU)
  Kuching South City Council (MBKS)
  Padawan Municipal Council (MPP)
  Kota Samarahan Municipal Council (MPKS, formerly MDS)

As the capital of Sarawak, Kuching plays an important role in the political and economic welfare of the population of the entire state as it is the seat of the state government where almost all of their ministries and agencies are based. The Sarawak State Legislative Assembly is located in a suburb, Petra Jaya.

There are 5 Members of Parliament (MPs) representing the five parliamentary constituencies and twelve state legislative assemblymen in the state legislature representing the twelve state constituencies in Kuching district.

Parliamentary Constituencies State Constituencies
P.193 Santubong N.3 Tanjung Datu (within Lundu district), N.4 Pantai Damai, N.5 Demak Laut
P.194 Petra Jaya N.6 Tupong, N.7 Samariang, N.8 Satok
P.195 Bandar Kuching N.9 Padungan, N.10 Pending, N.11 Batu Lintang
P.196 Stampin N.12 Kota Sentosa, N.13 Batu Kitang, N.14 Batu Kawah
P.198 Puncak Borneo N.18 Serembu (within Bau district), N.19 Mambong, N.20 Tarat (within Serian Division)

Local authority and city definition

[edit]

Kuching is the only city in Malaysia to be administered by two mayors;[21] the city is divided into Kuching North and Kuching South.[43] Each of these is administered by a mayor for Kuching South and a commissioner for Kuching North.[14] The current commissioner for Kuching North is Datu Junaidi Reduan, who took over from Datuk Haji Abang Abdul Wahab Abang Julai on 31 August 2019 while Datuk Wee Hong Seng became the new mayor for the Kuching South in 2019, succeeding Dato' James Chan Khay Syn.[44] The city obtained a city status on 1 August 1988,[39] and since that it was administered by Kuching North City Hall (DBKU) and Kuching South City Council (MBKS).

The city is defined within the borders of what is the Kuching District. With an area of 1,868.83 km2 (721.56 sq mi), it is the most populous district in Sarawak.[45] The area then subdivided into two sub-districts, namely Kuching Proper and Padawan. Kuching Proper included the city area and northern part of Padawan municipality (e.g. Batu Kawah, Matang Jaya), while Padawan[note 3] sub-district (southern part of Padawan municipality) included Kota Padawan, Teng Bukap and Borneo Highlands (Mambong). The combined area of Kuching North City Hall, Kuching South City Council, Padawan Municipal Council, and the Kota Samarahan Municipal Council is known as Greater Kuching.[1][46]

Geography

[edit]
Panorama of Kuching City.

Kuching is located on the banks of the Sarawak River in the northwestern part of the island of Borneo.[47] The limits of the City of Kuching include all that area in Kuching District containing an area approximately 431.01 km2 (166.41 sq mi) bounded from Gunung Lasak (Mount Lasak) in Muara Tebas to Batu Buaya (Crocodile Rock) in the Santubong peninsula following a series of survey marks as stated in the First Schedule of the City of Kuching Ordinance, 1988.[6] As a simplification of the legal statute, the Kuching city limits extend from the Kuching International Airport in the south to the northern coast of the Santubong and Bako peninsulas; from the Kuching Wetlands National Park in the west to the Kuap River estuary in the east.[6] The Sarawak River generally splits the city into North and South. The highest point in the city is Mount Santubong on the Santubong peninsula, which is at 810.2 m (2,658 ft) above sea level, located 35 km north of the city centre.[4] Rapid urbanisation has occurred in Greater Kuching and the urban sprawl extends to Penrissen, Kota Sentosa, Kota Padawan, Batu Kawah, Matang, Samariang, Siburan, Tarat, Kota Samarahan, Asajaya as well as Serian which is located about 65 km from Kuching.

Climate

[edit]

Kuching has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af), moderately hot but very humid at times and receives substantial rainfall.[48] The average annual rainfall is approximately 4,200 mm (170 in).[49] Kuching is the wettest populated area (on average) in Malaysia with an average of 247 rainy days per year. Kuching receives only 5 hours of sunshine per day on average and an average of only 3.7 hours of sunshine per day in the month of January (wettest month of the year).[50] The wettest times are during the North-East Monsoon months of November to February and the city's driest months are June through August. The temperature in Kuching ranges from 19 °C (66 °F) to 36 °C (97 °F) but the average temperature is around 23 °C (73 °F) in the early hours of the morning and rises to around 33 °C (91 °F) during mid afternoon.[51] This temperature stays almost constant throughout the year if it is not affected by the heavy rain and strong winds during the early hours of the morning which can bring the temperature down to 19 °C (66 °F), but this is very rare.[48]

Climate data for Kuching (1991–2020 normals), extremes 1876–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 34.6
(94.3) 		34.7
(94.5) 		35.2
(95.4) 		36.1
(97.0) 		36.0
(96.8) 		35.6
(96.1) 		36.1
(97.0) 		36.4
(97.5) 		37.1
(98.8) 		36.5
(97.7) 		34.8
(94.6) 		34.7
(94.5) 		37.1
(98.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.0
(86.0) 		30.2
(86.4) 		31.4
(88.5) 		32.4
(90.3) 		32.7
(90.9) 		32.6
(90.7) 		32.5
(90.5) 		32.6
(90.7) 		32.1
(89.8) 		32.0
(89.6) 		31.7
(89.1) 		31.0
(87.8) 		31.8
(89.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 25.9
(78.6) 		26.0
(78.8) 		26.5
(79.7) 		26.8
(80.2) 		27.1
(80.8) 		27.0
(80.6) 		27.0
(80.6) 		26.9
(80.4) 		26.6
(79.9) 		26.3
(79.3) 		26.2
(79.2) 		26.0
(78.8) 		26.5
(79.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 23.3
(73.9) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.9
(75.0) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.5
(74.3)
Record low °C (°F) 17.8
(64.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		18.3
(64.9) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.6
(69.1) 		18.9
(66.0) 		19.4
(66.9) 		19.4
(66.9) 		19.3
(66.7) 		20.5
(68.9) 		20.0
(68.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		17.8
(64.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 672.3
(26.47) 		501.4
(19.74) 		340.2
(13.39) 		303.2
(11.94) 		267.8
(10.54) 		255.4
(10.06) 		200.9
(7.91) 		263.7
(10.38) 		245.3
(9.66) 		343.1
(13.51) 		341.5
(13.44) 		498.1
(19.61) 		4,232.7
(166.64)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 21.4 17.0 17.6 17.4 15.9 14.5 13.1 14.7 15.8 19.1 21.2 22.8 210.5
Average relative humidity (%) 89 88 86 86 86 84 83 83 85 86 88 89 86
Mean monthly sunshine hours 126 137 149 154 156 159 165 163 158 152 149 136 1,804
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[52]
Source 2: Ogimet[53] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows),[54] Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1975–1985)[55]

Demography

[edit]

The term "Kuchingite" has been used to describe the people of Kuching, although it is not official.[26] However, the simplest way to call the people of Kuching is only by "orang Kuching", which means "people of Kuching" in English.

Ethnicity

[edit]
Ethnic composition in Kuching (2022)[56]
Ethnic group Percent
Malay
 
 36.2%
Chinese
 
 34.1%
Iban
 
 20.5%
Bidayuh
 
 4.9%
Others
 
 3.6%

In early 2022, the Department of Statistics Malaysia (DoSM) reported that Kuching had a total population of 402,738. The metro city population (North Kuching, South Kuching, and Padawan) consists primarily of Malays (146,067), Chinese (138,620), Iban (82,743), Bidayuh (20,065), non-Malaysian citizens (5,048), other Sarawak Bumiputras (Orang Ulu) (4,076), Melanau (1,840) and Indian (3,257), with around a thousand people of other groups (1,022).[56] The Chinese are made up of Hokkien, mainly in the urban areas and in the suburbs.[57] Other Chinese subgroups consist of Foochow, Hainanese, Teochew, Cantonese, Hakka and Henghua.

The Bidayuh, Dayak, Iban and Orang Ulu are mainly Christians (with some practising Animism), while the Chinese practise either Buddhism, Taoism or Christianity; most of the Malays and Melanau are Muslim, and a number of Hindus and Sikhs, with a small number of secularists, also exist around the city.

There is a size-able population of non-citizens, who mostly come from the bordering Indonesian region of Kalimantan, most of whom are migrant workers.[58][59] Since the British period, a small population of South Asians—notably, Pakistanis—have lived in the city, their livelihoods primarily the selling of clothing and spices.[60] Other migrants who came during the British era included Bugis from the Dutch East Indies, and other peoples from neighbouring Dutch Borneo.[61] Being a diverse, "melting-pot" city, interracial marriages (among those of different ethnic backgrounds) are common in Kuching, and the city itself is home to over 30 distinct ethnic groups.[62][63]

Languages

[edit]
See also: Sarawak Malay

Besides being the capital city of Sarawak, Kuching is a business hub and cultural centre for the Malay populace.[64] The dialect of Malay spoken in Kuching is known as Bahasa Sarawak (Sarawakian Malay Language), a subset of the Malay language.[65] The local dialect in Kuching is different from that spoken or heard in Miri.[65] Since the second-largest population in Kuching is made up of Han Chinese, the Chinese language is also commonly spoken, particularly Hokkien and Mandarin.[66] Almost all residents are able to speak English.[67] A number of specialty and private schools provide English as a medium of instruction (primarily for wealthy and/or expatriate children), among other foreign language courses which can be found through the city.[68]

Economy

[edit]
Kuching as the commercial centre of Sarawak.

Kuching is one of the main industrial and commercial centres for Sarawak. Many state-level, national-level, and international commercial banks, as well as some insurance companies, maintain their headquarters and corporate offices here. The economy is dominated by the primary sector, and currently by the tertiary-based industry, as the state government envisioned Sarawak being transformed into a more developed state by 2020.[14][69][70]

There are three main industrial areas in Kuching—Pending Industrial Estate (mixed and light industries), Demak Laut Industrial Park (mixed, light, and medium industries) and Sama Jaya Free Industrial Zone (hi-tech, computer and electronics industries).[71] This is intended to boost the city's commercial and industrial activity, making it a major point of growth in East Malaysia, as well for the BIMP-EAGA (Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area).[70] Kuching has hosted numerous national, regional and international conferences, congresses and trade fairs, such as the Malaysia Global Business Forum,[72] Tomorrow's Leaders Summit,[73] International Hydropower Association (IHA) World Congress,[74] ASEAN Tourism Forum,[75] and Routes Asia Conference.[76] Furthermore, Kuching was chosen as a permanent host for the biennial ASEAN International Film Festival and Awards (AIFFA).[77] These events are normally held at the Borneo Convention Centre.

Kuching Port Authority (KPA), established in 1961, started its operations at Tanah Puteh Port (Sim Kheng Hong Port) in 1975 with an annual capacity of 350,000 tonnes. Its operations have since been shifted to Pending and Senari terminals, with an annual capacity of 2.9 million tonnes and 7 million tonnes, respectively. KPA also controls Biawak Oil Jetty, which handles petroleum products.[78][79][80]

Historically, the Chinese have contributed heavily to the city's economy since their migration during the Brunei Sultanate period, after the discovery of antimony ore, and also during the Charles Vyner Brooke administration (who encouraged the immigration of the Chinese for planting black pepper).[9]

Transport

[edit]

Land

[edit]
The city highway.
New asphalt road connecting the rural areas with the city.

Kuching's roads, thoroughfares and motorways are overseen by one of the two local councils, the DBKU (Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara) and MBKS (Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Selatan), or the state's Public Works Department. Roads overseen by the latter department are generally state roads or federal roads.

Most major internal roads are dual-carriageways. Kuching is linked by roads to other towns within Sarawak, mainly by federal roads. The city is also famous for a number of roundabouts, including the oldest and largest one, the Datuk Abang Kipali Bin Abang Akip Roundabout.[81] The roundabouts are typically landscaped and are efficient for handling traffic congestion.[81][82] However, traffic lights are more commonly used now as the city's traffic continues to rise.

As Kuching is located near the equator, potholes have the tendency to develop on the roads during the monsoon season, usually at the end of the year, due to coinciding with winter in the Northern Hemisphere. Roads leading outside of the city to the more rural regions were of a slightly inferior quality, with regards to maintenance, but are now being upgraded.[83] Highway routes from Kuching include:

Public transport

[edit]
Taxis
[edit]
The main taxis in the city are painted in red and yellow.

There are two types of taxis operating within the city: the standard taxis are the red-and-yellow painted automobiles. A slightly larger taxi, painted in blue, is available as well; these are more comfortable, but slightly more expensive (thus known as "executive taxis").[84] In 2014, a smartphone taxi-booking app called GrabTaxi was launched, making Kuching the fifth area (after Klang Valley, Cyberjaya, Putrajaya, and Johor Bahru) to benefit from the app's services and coverage.[85]

Buses
[edit]
Main article: Transportation in Sarawak § Kuching, Samarahan bus route
Bus Express
[edit]
Main article: Transportation in Sarawak
Operating Route Operator
Kuching-Serian-Sarikei-Sibu-Bintulu-Miri Bintang Jaya, MTC, Sungei Merah, EVA Express, BusAsia, Freesia
Kuching-Kapit BusAsia
Local Bus
[edit]
Route No. Operating Route Operator Remark
1 Kuching-Bako BusAsia Bako National Park
6A Kuching-Bako-Muara Tebas BusAsia Bako National Park
2 Kuching-Bau Bau Transport Co.
B2 Kuching-Bau CPL
3A Kuching-Serian CPL
3AC Open Air Market, Kuching-Serian BusAsia
K5 Kuching-BDR, Baru Samariang CPL Kuching North City Hall, Kuching Cat Museum
K6 Kuching-Semenggoh CPL
K7 Kuching-Taman Malihah CPL
K8 Kuching-Tabuan Jaya, Stutong CPL BDC, The Indonesian Consulate General in Kuching
K10 Kuching-Kota Samarahan CPL Boulevard, Kuching Sentral, Kota Sentosa
10A Kuching-Kota Samarahan BusAsia Boulevard, Kuching Airport, Kuching Sentral, Kota Sentosa
K11 Kuching-Tabuan Dayak CPL Kenyalang, King Center
K12 Kuching-Kota Samarahan-Asajaya-Sadong Jaya CPL
K18 Kuching-Batu Kawa, MJC, Desa Wira CPL RPR Batu Kawa
K21 Kuching-Politeknik CPL Kubah National Park, Kubah Ria, Matang
K26 Kuching-Batu Kawa-Bau-Lundu-Sematan CPL
101 Damai Loop Sarawak Metro
101 Downtown Heritage Loop Sarawak Metro Jalan Satok
103 Sarawak State Legislative (DUN) - Semenggoh Wildlife Center (Orangutan)

Dewan Undangan Negeri Sarawak (DUN) - Pusat Hidupan Liar Semenggoh Orangutan 砂拉越州立法議會- 實蒙谷人猿猩猩野生動物中心 [86]

Kuching Metro Kuching North City Hall, Kuching Cat Museum
Local Bus or Bus Express
[edit]
Main article: Transportation in Sarawak
Route No. Operating Route Operator Remark
K25 Kuching-Sri Aman CPL

The main bus terminal is Kuching Sentral, opening in 2012,[87] located in the south of the city—about 5 minutes' drive away from Kuching International Airport and 20 minutes from the city centre.[88] The terminal serves as a starting point for long-distance trips to Brunei, Sabah, and West Kalimantan, Indonesia.[89] Another bus terminal is the Old Kuching Bus Terminal, which is only operating as some bus companies and drivers reportedly have been unwilling to use Kuching Sentral's newer facilities, due to undisclosed or unknown reasons.[90] Other minibuses and carpool van services are also available in the city.

Water

[edit]
A traditional roofed wooden sampan, the main water transport in Kuching.

Kuching, like most towns in Sarawak, has connections to other urban centres and settlements by water transport. Between the banks of the Sarawak River, near the city centre, many 'tambang' (traditional roofed wooden sampan) can be seen carrying passengers from one riverbank to another.[43][91] For those staying along the river banks, it is a short way to getting to the city-proper. The wharf for express boats servicing transport to further areas such as Sibu and Bintulu, is located in the east of the city at the Sim Kheng Hong Port (formerly known as the Tanah Puteh Port) in Pending.[92][93]

Air

[edit]
Kuching International Airport at night.

Kuching International Airport (KCH) (ICAO Code: WBGG) is the main gateway for air passengers. The airport's history dates back to the 1940s and today the airport has undergone and is still undergoing many major redevelopments.[94] The airport terminal is listed as the fourth busiest airport in Malaysia according to total passenger movements in 2013.[95] Since 2009, the airport has grown rapidly with an increasing number of passengers and aircraft movement. It is the secondary hub for Malaysia Airlines[96] and AirAsia[97] while becoming the third hub for MASWings,[98] which serves flights to smaller towns and rural areas in East Malaysia.

Other utilities

[edit]
[edit]

The current court complex is located in Petra Jaya.[99][100] It contains the High Court, Sessions Court, and the Magistrate Court.[101] Another courts of Syariah and native were also located in the city.[102][103] The Sarawak Police Contingent Headquarters is located in Badruddin Street.[104] There is only one district headquarters in the city, which is the Kuching District police headquarters located in Simpang Tiga Road.[105][106] Kuching Prison Complex is located in Puncak Borneo Street.[107] Temporary lock-ups or prison cells are found in most police stations around the city.

Healthcare

[edit]
See also: List of hospitals in Malaysia
The Sarawak General Hospital.

There are many types of health services in the city, such as the main public hospitals, public health clinics, other type of health clinics, mobile clinic, flying doctor service, village clinics, and 1Malaysia clinic.[108] The main hospital is the Sarawak General Hospital which is the oldest hospital since 1923. Another hospital is Rajah Charles Brooke Memorial Hospital.[109] Hospital Sentosa (Sentosa Mental Hospital), opened in 1958, provides psychiatric services for the entire state and known as the second oldest hospital in Sarawak after the main hospital.[110]

Normah Medical Specialist Centre in Petra Jaya is the largest private hospital (with 130 beds) in Sarawak.[111] In addition, three other large private health facilities are Borneo Medical Centre with (120 beds),[112] Timberland Medical Centre with (100 beds),[113] and KPJ Healthcare with (75 beds).[114] Kuching Specialist Hospital located in BDC was scheduled to open its operation to the public in 2020, with a 70-bed capacity.

Education

[edit]
See also: List of schools in Sarawak
Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus.

In the city, all schools under the National Education System (government education institution category), are managed by the Kuching Combined Education Office (Pejabat Pelajaran Gabungan Kuching). There are many government or state schools in and around the city. Like other Malaysian schools, schools in the city are divided into four levels of education — pre-school, primary, secondary (lower and upper) and post-secondary (excluding tertiary). Among the well-established and prestigious boarding schools in the city is Sekolah Menengah Sains Kuching, which is located at Batu Kawa and Sekolah Menengah Sains Kuching Utara, which is located at Matang Jaya.[115] Other government secondary schools including some of the oldest and well known are SMK St. Joseph, SMK St. Thomas, SMK St. Teresa and SMK St. Mary as well as others like SMK Green Road, Kolej Datu Patinggi Abang Haji Abdillah, SMK Tun Abang Haji Openg, SMK Batu Lintang, and SMK Padungan.[115] Kuching has 4 out of 14 Chinese independent schools in Sarawak. These are Chung Hua Middle School No. 1 (古晋中华第一中学), Chung Hua Middle School No. 3 (古晋中华第三中学), Chung Hua Middle School No. 4 (古晋中华第四中学) and Batu Kawa Min Lit secondary school (石角民立中学).[116] There are also three international schools in Kuching, namely Tunku Putra International School,[117] Lodge International School[118] and Borneo International School. Other private schools in Kuching are Sunny Hill School[119] and St. Joseph's Private Schools.[120]

There are currently no public university campuses in Kuching, apart from the Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences building situated next to the Sarawak General Hospital. The Sarawak State Government moved the last remaining public university campus (Universiti Teknologi MARA) from Kuching to Kota Samarahan in 1997 in a long-term initiative to transform Kota Samarahan into an education hub.[121] Kuching is home to three private universities: the Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, the only branch campus of Swinburne University of Technology outside Australia; Executive College; and UCSI University, Sarawak Campus which houses the Faculty of Hospitality and Management. A polytechnic and community college, both known as Politeknik Kuching Sarawak and Kolej Komuniti Kuching are also located in the city.

SEGi College Sarawak.

Other private colleges can be found through the city with most of the colleges are subsidiaries from universities and university colleges established in West Malaysia, such as SEGi College, Sarawak, Sunway College Kuching, Limkokwing Borneo, PTPL Sarawak, Wawasan Open University, Open University Malaysia, and Twintech College Sarawak. There are private institutions conducting franchised programmes from full-fledged universities (apart from running their own courses) such as SATT College (conducting franchised programmes from Universiti Teknologi MARA) and the Institute of Dynamic Management, Sarawak (conducting franchised programmes from Universiti Tun Abdul Razak). The International College of Advanced Technology Sarawak or ICATS is an institution created as the state government's initiative to enhance technical and vocational training education among school leavers.[122] The college was established from the former INTI College Sarawak facilities.[123] Operated by a state-owned subsidiary, ICATS focuses on producing human capital for the hi-tech sector, especially for the development of the Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy.[124]

Libraries

[edit]
The Sarawak State Library.

The Sarawak State Library is the major information resource centre and provides information services for the public and private sectors.[125] The library serves Kuching and its outskirts as the main depository of public records. In addition, it administers, monitors, and facilitates the operations of 36 village libraries in the state funded by the National Library of Malaysia.[126]

Other public libraries in Kuching include the DBKU City Library[127] and village libraries such as in Bandar Baru Samariang, Kampung Samariang Lama, and Taman Sepakat Jaya.

Culture, leisure and sport

[edit]

Attractions and recreation spots

[edit]

Cultural

[edit]
The Sarawak State Museum building was built by Rajah Charles Brooke in 1891 and designed based on the architecture of a Normandy town hall.[128]

Kuching maintains several museums showcasing its culture and history. The Sarawak State Museum is one of the finest museums in Asia and is known as Kuching's oldest and most historical building, which exhibits collections of the indigenous races in Sarawak.[129][130][131] Directly opposite the Sarawak Museum is the Borneo Cultures Museum which replaced the Tun Abdul Razak Hall. The Borneo Cultures Museum (opened on 9 March 2022) is a modern five-storey building with a distinctive architectural design that reflects Sarawak's unique traditional crafts and rich cultural heritage.[132] While located right behind the Borneo Cultures Museum is the Islamic Heritage Museum.

Other museums in Kuching include the Chinese History Museum, Kuching Cat Museum, Sarawak Timber Museum and Textile Museum Sarawak. Kuching is also home to the first ever planetarium in Malaysia,[133] the Sultan Iskandar Planetarium which is adjacent to the Kuching Civic Centre.

Historical

[edit]
The Astana, one of the historical landmarks in the city.

Interesting historical landmarks and sites of Kuching include The Astana (the former palace of the White Rajahs and currently the official residence of the Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sarawak), and Fort Margherita.

The oldest street of Kuching is the Main Bazaar, a row of 19th century Chinese shophouses located along the Kuching Waterfront overlooking the Sarawak River. It offers the city's best concentration of antique and handicraft shops. The Main Bazaar is part of Kuching's old town, which also includes Carpenter Street and India Street.[134] The old Courthouse building, which sits in between Carpenter Street and India Street, has undergone major renovation and now houses the Sarawak Tourism Board complex.[135] Some other interesting areas around the central business district include Padungan Street, which is the Chinatown of Kuching.[136] In 2014, calls for the Historic Monuments of Kuching's inclusion in the world heritage list were made public.[137] In 2017, a study was conducted on the possibility of Kuching to be nominated in the world heritage list.[138]

Darul Hana Bridge at night

Leisure and conservation areas

[edit]

A number of leisure spots and conservation areas can be found in Kuching. The Talang-Satang National Park was established with the primary aim of conserving Sarawak's marine turtle population.[139] It covers a total area of approximately 19,400 hectares (47,938 acres), and comprises all lands below the high tide marks on the respective islands.[140] The park also comprises the coastline and sea surrounding four islands of the southwest coast of Sarawak; Talang Besar, Talang Kecil off Sematan, and Satang Besar and Satang Kecil off Santubong, near Kuching.[139] These four "Turtle Islands" are responsible for 95% of all the turtle landings in Sarawak and the park also includes the Tukong Ara-Banun Island Wildlife Sanctuary, two tiny islets which are important nesting sites for colonies of bridled terns and black-naped terns.[140]

Damai, one of Sarawak's main beach resort area, is located on the Santubong Peninsula, about 35 minutes drive from Kuching.[141] The area has sandy beaches at the foot of an imposing jungle-covered mountain. Damai features three world-class resort hotels such as the Damai Beach Resort, Damai Puri Resort and Spa and One Hotel Santubong.[142] Each resort has their own private beach, swimming pool and offers jet-skiing, waterskiing, windsurfing, mountain biking, tennis, squash and fitness centres. There is also an international standard 18-hole golf course designed by the legendary Arnold Palmer located nearby.[143] Other attractions include the Damai Central, Permai Rainforest Resort, Sarawak Cultural Village and the sleepy fishing villages of Santubong and Buntal with their excellent seafood restaurants.[141] While for visitors who like adventurous activities, there is a trekking activity on Mount Santubong.[142]

Aside from that, Damai is also one of the places in Sarawak to see the Irrawaddy dolphin as the mammals can be spotted along the Salak River, Santubong estuary and at the Bako-Buntal Bay.[144] The Santubong Peninsula offers a few sites for bird watching with the BirdLife International Organisation has registered the whole area on Bako-Buntal Bay as an 'Important Bird Area'.[43] Between October and March, the Buntal River becomes an important wintering ground for bird migration.[43] Birds which have been spotted by the Malaysian Nature Society (Kuching Branch) at Buntal include a variety of plovers, sandpipers, egrets, terns, and other rare migrants, while resident birds include collared kingfisher, the white-bellied sea eagle, and brahminy kite.[145]

National parks in Kuching include the Bako National Park[146] and the Kuching Wetlands National Park[147] as well as the Semenggoh Wildlife Centre which operates an orangutan orphanage and rehabilitation program.[148] Also available near Kuching are the Gunung Gading National Park[149] and the Kubah National Park.[150] Located about 40-minutes drive from Kuching is Santubong, a prominent beach resort area home to numerous world-class beach resorts. Other beaches near Kuching are the Lundu Beach and the Sematan Beach.[151] The Borneo Highlands Resort (currently closed) is also nearby, located 1000-metres above sea level.[152]

Other sights

[edit]
New Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Building.
Former Madrasah Melayu Kuching (which is now as Islamic Heritage Museum).

The Kuching Waterfront is a 2 kilometre long riverside esplanade stretching from the main hotel and commercial heartland of the city to downtown Kuching.[153] Designed by Sydney architects,[153] the waterfront landscaped is served with food stalls, restaurants, benches and offers an excellent views of the Astana, Fort Margherita, and the New Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Building.[21] The waterfront also features an observation tower, an open-air theatre and musical fountains.[21]

The Kuching Orangutan Murals are vital images of a wheelbarrow filled with eight young orangutans and another baby orangutan swinging from a pipe. It was painted by Ernest Zacharevic along Power Street in the city on 27 April 2014. This latest mural is painted in Zacharevic's usual interactive style, with an actual wheelbarrow sliced into half and secured to the wall to enable the public to take selfies while holding onto the handle. On the other hand, the baby orangutan was painted over a nail on the wall, where people can 'place' items in its hand.[154]

Sport

[edit]
MBKS Stadium in Bintawa.

In football, Kuching is represented by Kuching City F.C., who plays at Sarawak State Stadium and Sarawak United F.C., who plays at Sarawak Stadium.

Shopping

[edit]
Medan Niaga Satok.
See also: List of shopping malls in Malaysia

Kuching features a number of shopping malls. These include VivaCity Megamall, Aeon Mall Kuching Central, The Spring, Plaza Merdeka, Farley Mall, CityONE Megamall, Kuching Sentral, Emart Lee Ling, Emart Batu Kawa, Emart Tabuan Jaya, Eco Mall, MetroMall, Aeroville Mall, Eastern Mall, Matang Mall, Sarawak Plaza, Riverside Shopping Complex, Majma' Mall, Moyan Square, Genesis Parade, Green Heights Mall, Wisma Saberkas, and many more.[14] More shopping malls are set to open in the city as construction continues.[14] The Satok Weekend Market is located at Medan Niaga Satok and operated in Saturdays and Sundays. A varieties of vegetables and fruits can be found there including other handicrafts, forest produce (such as wild honey), orchid plants, and a whole range of local snacks and delicacies.[155]

Entertainment

[edit]
A puppet show in Kuching, c. 1919.

There are five cinemas located around the city, most of them located inside shopping mall buildings (The Spring, CityONE, VivaCity, Riverside, Summer Mall). Most of the cinemas are owned by either Golden Screen Cinemas, MBO Cinemas, TGV Cinemas and mmCineplexes.[156] Bookaroo, a children's literature festival, has been travelling from India to Kuching every year since 2016 and takes place in April to feature the Bookaroo Kuching Fest. The festival invites authors, illustrators, storytellers, and performers from all over the world, urging children to bring books with them.[157][158]

Music

[edit]

Since 1997, Kuching has been host to the Rainforest World Music Festival (RWMF), an annual music festival which brings performers and spectators to the region from all over the world. Hosted by the Sarawak Cultural Village near the Mount Santubong, the festival is now one of the largest musical events in Malaysia.[159][160][161] RWMF had been voted as Top 25 Best International Festivals by the British-based magazine Songlines.[162]

Radio stations

[edit]

Music radio station set up in Sarawak is Radio Klasik FM (87.6), Nasional FM (88.1), Sarawak FM (88.9), TraXX FM (89.9), Ai FM (90.7), Cats FM (99.3), Hot FM (94.3), Hitz (95.3), Era (96.1), My (96.9), Mix (97.7), One FM (98.3), Lite Sarawak (100.1), Bernama Radio (100.9), Sinar (102.1) and Melody (103.7).

International relations

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Malaysia

Several countries have set up their consulates in Kuching, including Australia,[163] Brunei,[164] China,[165] Denmark,[166] France,[167] Indonesia,[168] Poland[169] and the United Kingdom.[170]

Sister cities

[edit]

Kuching currently has twelve sister cities:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Briefing By The Mayor of Kuching North". Kuching North City Hall. Economic Planning Unit (Prime Minister's Department Malaysia). Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  2. ^ "Kuching, Malaysia - Weather History and Climate Data". World Climate. Archived from the original on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  3. ^ "Malaysia Elevation Map (Elevation of Kuching)". Flood Map : Water Level Elevation Map. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  4. ^ a b Kit, Lee Yu (20 January 2007). "Scaling Santubong". The Star (Malaysia). Archived from the original on 28 March 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  5. ^ "Malaysia Population 2019". World Population Review. 4 February 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  6. ^ a b c "City of Kuching Ordinance" (PDF). Sarawak State Attorney-General's Chambers. 1988. p. 3 (Chapter 48).
  7. ^ The Report: Sarawak 2011. Oxford Business Group. 2011. pp. 13–. ISBN 978-1-907065-47-7. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  8. ^ a b "Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and Mukims, 2010 (page 1 & 8)" (PDF). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  9. ^ a b c d e Trudy Ring; Robert M. Salkin; Sharon La Boda (January 1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania. Taylor & Francis. pp. 497–498. ISBN 978-1-884964-04-6.
  10. ^ Christina Umpi (2011). "A review of the centralized sewerage system for Kuching City" (PDF). Faculty of Engineering. Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  11. ^ "Kuching | Creative Cities Network". en.unesco.org. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  12. ^ John Brunton (21 January 2017). "Kuching, Malaysia: what to see plus the best restaurants, hotels and bars". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  13. ^ Raymond Frederick Watters; T. G. McGee (1997). Asia-Pacific: New Geographies of the Pacific Rim. Hurst & Company. pp. 311–. ISBN 978-1-85065-321-9.
  14. ^ a b c d e The Report: Sarawak 2008. Oxford Business Group. 2008. pp. 30, 56, 69 & 136. ISBN 978-1-902339-95-5.
  15. ^ a b c d e Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (12 November 2012). Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. pp. 866–. ISBN 978-1-136-63979-1. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  16. ^ a b c d e "Origin of Name - Kuching". Asia Tourism Alliance. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  17. ^ Rowthorn C, Cohen M, Williams C. (2008). In Borneo. Ediz. Inglese Archived 16 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Lonely Planet. p. 162. Google Book Search. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  18. ^ Paulo Alcazaren (17 September 2011). "Truly cool Kuching". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  19. ^ Sarawak Museum (1993). A brief history of Kuching. Sarawak Museum.
  20. ^ Francis Chan, The Borneo Post, 1 September 2013
  21. ^ a b c d e Pat Foh Chang (1999). Legends and History of Sarawak. Chang Pat Foh. ISBN 978-983-9475-06-7. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  22. ^ a b c CRAIG A. LOCKARD (1976). "THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF KUCHING, 1820—1857". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 49 (2): 107–110. JSTOR 41492141.
  23. ^ a b c d e Faisal S. Hazis; Mohd. Faisal Syam Abdol Hazis (2012). Domination and Contestation: Muslim Bumiputera Politics in Sarawak. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 5–25–26–29. ISBN 978-981-4311-58-8. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  24. ^ Borneo. Ediz. Inglese. Lonely Planet. 2008. pp. 162–. ISBN 978-1-74059-105-8. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  25. ^ Margaret Brooke (1913). My Life in Sarawak. Methuen & Company, Limited. p. 62.
  26. ^ a b Charles De Ledesma; Mark Lewis; Pauline Savage (2003). Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei. Rough Guides. pp. 414–. ISBN 978-1-84353-094-7. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  27. ^ Patricia Hului (16 September 2014). "The last goodbye". The Borneo Post Seeds. Archived from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  28. ^ Steven Runciman (3 February 2011). The White Rajah: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946. Cambridge University Press. pp. 248–. ISBN 978-0-521-12899-5. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  29. ^ a b c Patricia Pui Huen Lim; Diana Wong (2000). War and Memory in Malaysia and Singapore. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 125–127. ISBN 978-981-230-037-9. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  30. ^ "HMAS Kapunda". Royal Australian Navy. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  31. ^ a b Ooi, Keat Gin (1 January 2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to Timor. R-Z. volume three. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1177–. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2.
  32. ^ Jackson (9 March 2006). British Empire and 2ND Ww (E). Continuum. pp. 445–. ISBN 978-0-8264-4049-5. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  33. ^ Keat Gin Ooi (1998). Japanese Empire in the Tropics: Selected Documents and Reports of the Japanese Period in Sarawak, Northwest Borneo, 1941 - 1945. Ohio Univ. Center for Internat. Studies. pp. 6–11. ISBN 978-0-89680-199-8.
  34. ^ Yvonne Byron (1995). In Place of the Forest; Environmental and Socio-Economic Transformation in Borneo and the Eastern Malay Peninsula. United Nations University Press. pp. 215–. ISBN 978-92-808-0893-3.
  35. ^ James Stuart Olson; Robert Shadle (1996). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire: A-J. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 200–. ISBN 978-0-313-29366-5. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  36. ^ Gerard A. Postiglione; Jason Tan (2007). Going to School in East Asia. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 210–. ISBN 978-0-313-33633-1. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  37. ^ Pat Foh Chang (1999). Legends and history of Sarawak. Chang Pat Foh. ISBN 978-983-9475-07-4. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  38. ^ Boon Kheng Cheah (2002). Malaysia: The Making of a Nation. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 93–. ISBN 978-981-230-175-8. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  39. ^ a b "History". Council of the City of Kuching South. 14 May 2014. Archived from the original on 15 May 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  40. ^ Kuching: towards a new horizon. Kuching Municipal Council. 1988. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  41. ^ "Kuching to celebrate new status as 'City of Unity'". The Star (Malaysia). 31 July 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
  42. ^ Blake, Chen (29 July 2015). "Kuching to be declared world's first 'City of Unity'". Free Malaysia Today. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
  43. ^ a b c d Tamara Thiessen (2012). Borneo: Sabah - Brunei - Sarawak. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 244–246–266. ISBN 978-1-84162-390-0. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  44. ^ "CM: Wee Hong Seng appointed MBKS mayor, Junaidi Reduan new DBKU Datuk Bandar". The Borneo Post Online. 22 August 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  45. ^ "Sarawak : Population By Administrative District 2000 & 2010" (PDF). Sarawak Fact and Figures by State Planning Unit, Chief Minister's Department. Sarawak State Government. 2012. pp. 11/16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  46. ^ "Various Studies Aiming To Develop A Better Kuching (Greater Kuching Urban and Regional Study)". Shankland Cox Ltd. Sarawak State Government. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  47. ^ Alastair Morrison (1 January 1993). Fair Land Sarawak: Some Recollections of an Expatriate Official. SEAP Publications. pp. 93–. ISBN 978-0-87727-712-5. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  48. ^ a b Thomas Cook. "Venture into Borneo" (PDF). Thomas Cook Tours. Retrieved 10 November 2013. Borneo has a typically equatorial climate, with temperatures fairly constant throughout the year. (page 17)
  49. ^ "Kuching, Malaysia Weather History and Climate Data". WorldClimate. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2008.
  50. ^ "General Climate of Malaysia (Sunshine and Solar Radiation)". Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (Malaysia). Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  51. ^ Doreena Dominick; Mohd Talib Latif; Hafizan Juahir; Ahmad Zaharin Aris; Sharifuddin M. Zain. "An assessment of influence of meteorological factors on PM10 and NO2 at selected stations in Malaysia" (PDF). Department of Environmental Sciences (Universiti Putra Malaysia), Centre of Excellence for Environmental Forensics (Universiti Putra Malaysia), School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia) and Department of Chemistry (Universiti Malaya). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  52. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  53. ^ "CLIMAT summary for 96413: Kuching (Malaysia) – Section 2: Monthly Normals". CLIMAT monthly weather summaries. Ogimet. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  54. ^ "Station Kuching" (in French). Météo Climat. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  55. ^ "Klimatafel von Kuching / Insel Borneo (Kalimantan) / Malaysia" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  56. ^ a b "Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and Mukims, 2022" (PDF). Statistics Department, Malaysia. December 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  57. ^ Southeast Asian Exports Since the 14th Century: Cloves, Pepper, Coffee, and Sugar. Institute of Southeast Asian. 1 January 1998. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-981-3055-67-4. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  58. ^ Tim Huxley (13 September 2013). Disintegrating Indonesia?: Implications for Regional Security. Routledge. pp. 79–. ISBN 978-1-136-04928-6.
  59. ^ "Keeping tabs on illegal immigrants". New Straits Times. 22 August 1986. p. 6. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
  60. ^ Judith M. Heimann (1998). The Most Offending Soul Alive: Tom Harrisson and His Remarkable Life. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 270–. ISBN 978-0-8248-2199-9.
  61. ^ Peter Sibon (8 December 2017). "Bugis in Sarawak also Malaysians — SBA chief". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
  62. ^ Damian Harper (2007). Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei. Ediz. Inglese. Lonely Planet. pp. 339–. ISBN 978-1-74059-708-1. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  63. ^ Justin Calderon (14 April 2013). "Tourism through the eyes of Sarawak's 'big village'". Investvine. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  64. ^ Idris Aman; Rosniah Mustaffa (2009). "Social Variation Of Malay Language In Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia: A Study On Accent, Identity And Integration" (PDF). GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies. 9 (1). Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities (National University of Malaysia): 66. ISSN 1675-8021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  65. ^ a b Paitoon M. Chaiyanara; Sanggam Siahaan; Hilman Pardede; Selviana Napitupulu; Basar Lolo Siahaan; Siska Anggita Situmeang. SIJLL (Singapore International Journal of Language and Literature). LLC Publishing. pp. 149–. ISSN 2251-2829. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  66. ^ Richard L. Schwenk (1973). The Potential for Rural Development in the New Seventh Division of Sarawak: A Preliminary Background Report. Institute of Southeast Asian. pp. 18–. GGKEY:NGE9XLE3DRH. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
  67. ^ Nelson Alcantara (7 February 2014). "Kuching is as easy as ABC". eTurbo News. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
  68. ^ Heidi Munan (15 October 2009). CultureShock! Borneo: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. pp. 113–. ISBN 978-981-4484-49-7.
  69. ^ "Sarawak's Development Plans (Sectoral Shift, 1980 - 2010 ..from Primary to Secondary and Tertiary Sectors)" (PDF). State Planning Unit (Chief Minister's Department). United Nations Development Programme. 2 August 2012. p. 4. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
  70. ^ a b "Sarawak State Planning Unit leads the way towards 2020 economic ambitions". Investvine. 19 December 2011. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
  71. ^ "Industrial Estate by Division". sarawak.gov.my. Official website of the Sarawak Government. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  72. ^ "Delegate prospectus". Malaysia Global Business Forum. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  73. ^ "Starbucks Coffee the official beverage at youth summit". The Borneo Post. Malaysia. 14 March 2011. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  74. ^ "Press release: INTERNATIONAL HYDRO POWER ASSOCIATION TO BRING WORLD CONGRESS TO SARAWAK, BORNEO IN 2013". Bernama. Malaysia. 14 July 2011. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  75. ^ "ASEAN Tourism Forum 2014". unwto.org. World Tourism Organization. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015. ATF 2014 was held in Kuching in the Malaysian province of Sarawak from the 16th- 23rd of January.
  76. ^ Tan, Kevin; Ho, Janet (6 February 2014). "500 for Historic Routes Asia Conference". New Sarawak Tribune. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  77. ^ "Kuching now a permanent venue for Aiffa". The Borneo Post. Malaysia. 19 June 2014. Archived from the original on 18 August 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  78. ^ "Kuching Port celebrated 44th Anniversary". ASEAN Ports Association. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  79. ^ "Introduction: Port Information". Kuching Port Authority. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  80. ^ "Terminals". Kuching Port Authority. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  81. ^ a b Jonathan Chia (25 July 2013). "New landscaping for oldest roundabout". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
  82. ^ Lawrence Tseu (2006). "URBAN TRANSPORT GROWTH: THE CHALLENGES AHEAD – THE NEW REALISM AND INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES" (PDF). State Planning Unit, Chief Minister’s Office, Sarawak (Fourth Sabah-Sarawak Environmental Convention). Sabah State Government. pp. 11/23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
  83. ^ Martin Carvalho; Yuen Meiking; Rahimy Rahim (25 October 2012). "Pan Borneo Highway to be upgraded". The Star. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
  84. ^ Lonely Planet; Daniel Robinson; Adam Karlin; Paul Stiles (1 May 2013). Lonely Planet Borneo. Lonely Planet. pp. 276–. ISBN 978-1-74321-651-4.
  85. ^ Jacky (17 March 2014). "Taxi booking app MyTeksi launches in Kuching, one of the most improbable Malaysian city". Vulcan Post. Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
  86. ^ "Kuching Metro". kuchingmetro.my.
  87. ^ Sharon Kong (12 February 2014). "Kuching Sentral system boosts bus companies' sales and revenues". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
  88. ^ "Kuching Bus Terminal". Express Bus Malaysia. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
  89. ^ "Kuching Sentral". e-tawau. 24 March 2013. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
  90. ^ John Teo (9 March 2012). "Stand-off over Kuching Sentral". New Straits Times. AsiaOne. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
  91. ^ Outlook Publishing (September 2008). Outlook Traveller. Outlook Publishing. pp. 69–.
  92. ^ Sarawak. Jabatan Kerja Raya (1974). Annual Report.
  93. ^ "Tanah Puteh". The Straits Times. National Library Board. 7 June 1961. p. 8. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  94. ^ "About Kuching International Airport". Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  95. ^ "2013 Annual Report" (PDF). Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  96. ^ "Malaysia Airlines". Hahn Air. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  97. ^ "The Air Asia Family". Air Asia. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  98. ^ "MASWings". MASWings. Archived from the original on 20 May 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  99. ^ "Kuching Court". Kuching High Court. Archived from the original on 10 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  100. ^ "KUCHING CITY NORTH - PETRA JAYA" (PDF). Sarawak Property Bulletin. CH Williams Talhar Wong & Yeo Sdn Bhd. July–September 2006. p. 3. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  101. ^ "Structure of The Court (STRUCTURE OF THE HIGH COURT IN SABAH & SARAWAK)". The High Court in Sabah and Sarawak. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  102. ^ "Name And Address of the State Syariah Judiciary Office". E-Syariah. Archived from the original on 10 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  103. ^ "Native Courts of Sarawak". Sarawak Native Court. Archived from the original on 10 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  104. ^ "Alamat Ibu Pejabat Polis Diraja Malaysia (Kuching)". Federal Secretary Office, Sarawak. Archived from the original on 10 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  105. ^ "Direktori PDRM Sarawak - Kuching" (in Malay). Royal Malaysia Police. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  106. ^ "Sarawak aims to recruit 2,280 volunteer reserves by 2017". Federal Secretary Office, Sarawak. 16 November 2014. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  107. ^ "Kuching Prison Complex officially opened". The Star. 6 July 2012. Archived from the original on 10 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  108. ^ "Health in Sarawak". Sarawak State Government. Archived from the original on 10 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  109. ^ "Hospital Program". Sarawak State Health Department. Archived from the original on 10 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  110. ^ "History of Sentosa Hospital" (PDF) (in Malay). Sarawak State Health Department. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  111. ^ "About us (Overview)". Normah Medical Specialist Centre. Archived from the original on 10 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  112. ^ "About us". Borneo Medical Centre. Archived from the original on 10 June 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  113. ^ "Hospitals based in Malaysia". Hospital Directory Asia. Archived from the original on 28 August 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  114. ^ "KPJ Healthcare". Kuching Specialist Hospital. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  115. ^ a b "SENARAI SEKOLAH MENENGAH DI NEGERI SARAWAK (List of Secondary Schools in Sarawak) – See Kuching" (PDF). Educational Management Information System. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  116. ^ "砂拉越华文独中通讯录 (Communication directory of Sarawak Chinese independent schools)" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  117. ^ Tuah, Yvonne (1 July 2013). "Tunku Putra School offers unique education platform in Kuching". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  118. ^ "Lodge International School celebrates best IGCSE results in school history". New Sarawak Tribune. 31 January 2015. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  119. ^ Umpang, Matthew (21 October 2014). "Iconic Sunny Hill a 'time-tested' school". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  120. ^ Aubrey, Samuel (7 January 2012). "St Joseph's Private Schools open". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
  121. ^ Rudy Rukimin Rambli (5 February 2008). "Samarahan Semakin Pesat Berkembang" (in Malay). Bernama. Archived from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  122. ^ Yu Ji (1 December 2013). "Striving for two-fold increase". The Star. Archived from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  123. ^ "PPKS Ilmu buys Inti College facility for RM22mil". The Star. 29 November 2013. Archived from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  124. ^ "Help realise SCORE dream, technical education institutions urged". The Star. 4 December 2013. Archived from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  125. ^ "Sarawak State Library: Our Background". Sarawak State Library. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  126. ^ "Sarawak State Library: Public Library Services". Sarawak State Library. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  127. ^ "Introduction to DBKU city library". librarynet.com.my. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  128. ^ "Discover Sarawak Museum's architectural origins". The Borneo Post Seeds. 27 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  129. ^ Alice Yen Ho (1998). Old Kuching. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-983-56-0050-0.
  130. ^ Robert L. Winzeler (January 2004). The Architecture of Life and Death in Borneo. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 160–. ISBN 978-0-8248-2632-1.
  131. ^ Jan van Harssel; Richard H Jackson; Lloyd E. Hudman (23 January 2014). National Geographic Learning's Visual Geography of Travel and Tourism. Cengage Learning. pp. 530–. ISBN 978-1-305-17647-8.
  132. ^ "Sarawak Museum Department". museum.sarawak.gov.my. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  133. ^ Asiatechnology. Review Publishing Company Limited.
  134. ^ "Main Bazaar and Carpenter Street". Kuching: Sarawak Tourism. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  135. ^ "Explore Kuching Heritage in 2 hours". Kuching: Sarawak Tourism. 14 September 2012. Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  136. ^ Charles de Ledesma; Mark Lewis; Pauline Savage (2000). The Rough Guide to Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-85828-565-8.
  137. ^ "Call for nomination of Kuching Waterfront to become Unesco World Heritage site". The Borneo Post. 19 November 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  138. ^ Geryl Ogilvy (30 November 2017). "Improving Kuching's chances of receiving Unesco recognition". The Star. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  139. ^ a b "Talang Satang National Park a sanctuary for endangered turtles". Bernama. The Borneo Post. 20 March 2012. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  140. ^ a b "Talang-Satang National Park". Sarawak Forestry Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  141. ^ a b "Santubong Peninsula (Damai Beach Resort and its surrounding)". e-tawau. 4 April 2013. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  142. ^ a b Jane Bickersteth; Amanda Hinton (1996). Malaysia & Singapore Handbook. Footprint Handbooks. ISBN 978-0-8442-4909-4.
  143. ^ "About Damai Golf". Damai Golf and Country Club. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  144. ^ Helen Oon (2008). Malaysia. New Holland Publishers. pp. 60–. ISBN 978-1-84537-971-1.
  145. ^ "Islands and Beaches of Sarawak (Damai Beach, Santubong Peninsula)". e-tawau. 6 August 2013. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  146. ^ "Bako National Park". Sarawak forestry cooperation. Archived from the original on 29 January 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  147. ^ "Introducing Kuching Wetlands National Park". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  148. ^ "Semenggoh Wildlife Centre". Sarawak forestry cooperation. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  149. ^ "Gunung Gading National Park". Sarawak forestry cooperation. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  150. ^ "Kubah National Park". Sarawak forestry cooperation. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  151. ^ "Lundu Tourists Attractions is a mixture of nature beauty and sandy beaches". Sarawak -vacations-destinations.com. Archived from the original on 23 June 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  152. ^ "Welcome to Borneo Highlands Resort". Borneo Highlands Resort. Archived from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  153. ^ a b Craft Arts International. Craft Art Pty. Limited. 1994.
  154. ^ "Zacharevic moves on to five more masterpieces on Kuching walls". The Borneo Post. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  155. ^ "Satok Weekend Market". Sarawak Tourism. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  156. ^ "TGV to open first cinema in Sarawak next year". The Sun. 28 July 2013. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  157. ^ "Bookaroo Festival Kuching 2016". Bookaroo. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  158. ^ "Bookaroo Festival Kuching 2017". Bookaroo. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  159. ^ "Rainforest World Music Festival - Tips for enjoying the RWMF near Kuching in Sarawak, Borneo". goasia.about.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  160. ^ "Rainforest World Music Festival - Join tens of thousands of melody-makers and party-goers in the Malaysian jungle for a three day-long celebration of diverse musical styles from around the globe". fest300.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  161. ^ "7 Biggest Music Festivals in Asia for 2014". asiarooms.com. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  162. ^ "RWMF among 25 top festivals". The Star. 8 April 2011. Archived from the original on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  163. ^ "Australian Consulate in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australia. Archived from the original on 23 June 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  164. ^ "Consulate General of Brunei Darussalam in Kuching, Sarawak Malaysia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Brunei. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  165. ^ "Chinese Consulate-General in Kuching (Malaysia)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, China. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  166. ^ "Danish Consulates". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  167. ^ "Consulate". Embassy of France in Kuala Lumpur. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  168. ^ "Consulate General of the Republic of Indonesia, Kuching". Consulate General of Indonesia, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. Archived from the original on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  169. ^ "Honorary Consulates in Malaysia" (PDF). European External Action Service. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  170. ^ "Supporting British nationals in Malaysia". Government of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014. Working with local partners and honorary representatives in Penang, Langkawi, Kota Kinabalu and Kuching to assist British nationals
  171. ^ "DBKU and Bai ethnic group sign letter of intent". The Borneo Post. 7 May 2015. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  172. ^ InKunming (20 April 2012). "Kunming and Kuching build sister city relations". en.kunming.cn. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  173. ^ Matthew Hoekstra (26 April 2012). "Richmond to become 16th sister of Xiamen". Richmond Review. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014. Richmond will be Xiamen's first Canadian sister city and fourth in North America, where Xiamen's other friends are Baltimore, Md., Sarasota, Fla. and Guadalajara, Mexico. Its other sister cities are Cardiff, Wales; Sasebo, Japan; Cebu, Philippines; Wellington, New Zealand; Penang, Malaysia; Marathon, Greece; Sunshine Coast, Australia; Kaunas, Lithuania; Zoetermeer, Netherlands; Kuching, Malaysia; Surabaya, Indonesia; and Mokpo, South Korea.
  174. ^ "Cities abroad keen to forge ties with Kuching". New Straits Times. 2 August 2012. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  175. ^ M Zezen Zainal M (21 September 2019). "Sarawak Malaysia Jajaki Kerjasama Sister City dengan Kota Bandung" [Sarawak Malaysia Establish Sister City Co-operation with Bandung City] (in Indonesian). Bandung Kita. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  176. ^ Brilliant Awal (21 September 2019). "Sarawak Malaysia Ajak Kota Bandung Jadi Sister City" [Sarawak Malaysia Invites Bandung City To Become Sister City] (in Indonesian). Gala Media News. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  177. ^ a b c d e Yu Ji (27 August 2011). "Kuching bags one of only two coveted 'Tourist City Award' in Asia". The Star. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  178. ^ Rendra Oxtora; Aria Cindyara; Fardah Assegaf (9 July 2019). "Sarawak Chambers explore cooperation with Singkawang". Antara. Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  179. ^ Eve Sonary Heng (30 August 2012). "MBKS establishes relationship with Korean city". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.

Notes

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kuching.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kuching.
  1. ^ "Mata Kucing is a close relative of Longan (Euphoria longana)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  2. ^ "Mata Kucing is similar to that of Longan fruit". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  3. ^ Not to be confused with Padawan municipality.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuching&oldid=1260523119"