Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation/VerifiedDataSandbox and Detomidine: Difference between pages

{{Short description|Chemical compound}}

| Verifiedfields = changed

| verifiedrevid = 477385293

| routes_of_administration =

| elimination_half-life = 30 min

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| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|changed|??}}

| CAS_number = 76631-46-4

| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}

| ChEMBL = 2110829

| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|changed|kegg}}

| KEGG = D07795

<!--Chemical data-->

| smiles = Cc2cccc(Cc1cnc[nH]1)c2C

'''Detomidine''' is an [[imidazole]] derivative and [[Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor|α₂-adrenergic]] [[agonist]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Detomidine {{!}} α2-adrenergic Agonist {{!}} MedChemExpress |url=https://www.medchemexpress.com/detomidine.html?srsltid=AfmBOop2_l6_W7WPv9Ky9jWhDf64HSbIcSOZOCi8tA0mUmiLHrM2bPAB |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=MedchemExpress.com}}</ref> used as a large animal [[sedative]], primarily used in [[horse]]s. It is usually available as the [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] detomidine [[hydrochloride]]. It is a [[prescription medication]] available to veterinarians sold under various trade names.

Currently, detomidine is licensed for use only in horses in the US but it is also licensed for use in cattle in Europe and Australasia.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-7020-2793-2.00004-9 |chapter=Principles of sedation, anticholinergic agents, and principles of premedication |title=Veterinary Anaesthesia |year=2014 |pages=79–100 |isbn=978-0-7020-2793-2 |editor1-last=Clarke |editor1-first=Kathy W. |editor2-last=Hall |editor2-first=Leslie W. |editor3-last=Trim |editor3-first=Cynthia M. }}</ref>

==Properties==

Detomidine is a sedative with [[analgesic]] properties.<ref name="England 1996">{{cite journal | vauthors = England GC, Clarke KW | title = Alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonists in the horse--a review | journal = The British Veterinary Journal | volume = 152 | issue = 6 | pages = 641–57 | date = November 1996 | pmid = 8979422 | doi = 10.1016/S0007-1935(96)80118-7 }}</ref> α2-adrenergic agonists produce dose-dependent sedative and analgesic effects, mediated by activation of α2 [[catecholamine]] receptors, thus inducing a [[negative feedback]] response, reducing production of excitatory neurotransmitters. Due to inhibition of the [[sympathetic nervous system]], detomidine also has cardiac and respiratory effects and an [[antidiuretic]] action.<ref name="Fornai 1990">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fornai F, Blandizzi C, del Tacca M | title = Central alpha-2 adrenoceptors regulate central and peripheral functions | journal = Pharmacological Research | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 541–54 | date = 1990 | pmid = 2177556 | doi = 10.1016/S1043-6618(05)80046-5 }}</ref>

==Effects==

{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}

A profound lethargy and characteristic lowering of the head with reduced sensitivity to environmental stimuli (sound, pain, etc.) are seen with detomidine. A short period of reduced coordination is characteristically followed by immobility and a firm stance with front legs spread. Following administration there is an initial increase in blood pressure, followed by [[bradycardia]] and second degree [[atrioventricular block]] (this is not [[Pathology (disambiguation)|pathologic]] in horses). The horse commonly [[sweat]]s to excess, especially on the flanks and neck. Other side effects reported include pilo erection (hair standing erect), [[ataxia]], [[salivation]], slight muscle tremors, and (rarely) penile prolapse.

==Uses==

{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}

Sedation and anaesthetic [[premedication]] in horses and other large animals, commonly combined with [[butorphanol]] for increased analgesia and depth of sedation. In conjunction with [[ketamine]] it may also be used for intravenous [[anaesthesia]] of short duration.

The drug is normally administered by the [[intravenous]] route, and is fastest and most efficient when given intravenously . However, in recalcitrant animals, detomidine may be administered by the [[intramuscular]] or [[sublingual]] routes. The dose range advised by the manufacturers is 20–40&nbsp;μg/kg intravenous for moderate sedation, but this dose may need to be higher if given intramuscularly.

When given intravenously, detomidine usually takes effect in 2–5 minutes, and recovery is full within 30–60 minutes. However, this is highly dependent upon the dosage, environment, and the individual animal; some horses are highly resistant to sedation.

==Cautions==

{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}

As detomidine is an [[arrhythmogenic]] agent, extreme care should be exercised in horses with cardiac disease, and in the concurrent administration of other arrhythmogenics. The concurrent use of potentiated [[sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamide]] [[antibiotics]] is considered particularly dangerous.

Anesthetic recoveries in horses that have received ketamine following a detomidine premedication are often violent with the horse having multiple failures to stand resulting in trauma to itself. [[Xylazine]] is a superior premedication with ketamine resulting in safer recoveries.

== See also ==

* [[Medetomidine]]

* [[Dexmedetomidine]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{refbegin}}

* {{cite web | work = The Ontario Association of Equine Practitioners | title = Medication Protocols for Horses | date = 2005 | url = http://www.oaep.on.ca/MedsSheets/MainPage.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070417021529/http://www.oaep.on.ca/MedsSheets/MainPage.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2007-04-17 }}

* {{cite book |title=Compendium of data sheets for animal medicines. | date = 2005 |publisher=National Office of Animal Health |isbn=978-0-9548037-0-4}}

{{refend}}

{{Hypnotics and sedatives}}

{{Adrenergic receptor modulators}}

[[Category:Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists]]

[[Category:Equine medications]]

[[Category:Imidazoles]]

[[Category:Sedatives]]