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Psalm 21

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This article is about Psalm 21 in Hebrew (Masoretic) numbering. For Psalm 21 in Greek Septuagint or Latin Vulgate numbering, see Psalm 22.
Psalm 21
"The king shall joy in thy strength"
Psalms 20-21 in Biblia Hebraica Kittel (1909)
Other name"Domine in virtute tua laetabitur"
Textattributed to David
LanguageHebrew (original)
Psalm 21
BookBook of Psalms
Hebrew Bible partKetuvim
Order in the Hebrew part1
CategorySifrei Emet
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part19

Psalm 21 is the 21st psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: "The king shall joy in thy strength". The Book of Psalms is part of the third section of the Hebrew Bible, and a book of the Christian Old Testament. In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate translations of the Bible, this psalm is Psalm 20. In Latin, it is known by the incipit, "Domine in virtute tua".[1] The psalm is attributed to David.

Psalm 21 is used in both Jewish and Christian liturgies. It has often been set to music, especially for royal functions, such as Handel's Coronation anthems.

Text

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Hebrew

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The following table shows the Hebrew text[2][3] of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon the JPS 1917 translation (now in the public domain).

Verse Hebrew English translation (JPS 1917)
1 לַמְנַצֵּ֗חַ מִזְמ֥וֹר לְדָוִֽד׃‎ For the Leader. A Psalm of David.
2 יְֽהֹוָ֗ה בְּעׇזְּךָ֥ יִשְׂמַח־מֶ֑לֶךְ וּ֝בִישׁ֥וּעָתְךָ֗ מַה־[יָּ֥גֶל] (יגיל) מְאֹֽד׃‎ O LORD, in Thy strength the king rejoiceth; and in Thy salvation how greatly doth he exult!
3 תַּאֲוַ֣ת לִ֭בּוֹ נָתַ֣תָּה לּ֑וֹ וַאֲרֶ֥שֶׁת שְׂ֝פָתָ֗יו בַּל־מָנַ֥עְתָּ סֶּֽלָה׃‎ Thou hast given him his heart's desire, and the request of his lips Thou hast not withholden. Selah
4 כִּֽי־תְ֭קַדְּמֶנּוּ בִּרְכ֣וֹת ט֑וֹב תָּשִׁ֥ית לְ֝רֹאשׁ֗וֹ עֲטֶ֣רֶת פָּֽז׃‎ For Thou meetest him with choicest blessings; Thou settest a crown of fine gold on his head.
5 חַיִּ֤ים ׀ שָׁאַ֣ל מִ֭מְּךָ נָתַ֣תָּה לּ֑וֹ אֹ֥רֶךְ יָ֝מִ֗ים עוֹלָ֥ם וָעֶֽד׃‎ He asked life of Thee, Thou gavest it him; even length of days for ever and ever.
6 גָּד֣וֹל כְּ֭בוֹדוֹ בִּישׁוּעָתֶ֑ךָ ה֥וֹד וְ֝הָדָ֗ר תְּשַׁוֶּ֥ה עָלָֽיו׃‎ His glory is great through Thy salvation; Honour and majesty dost Thou lay upon him.
7 כִּֽי־תְשִׁיתֵ֣הוּ בְרָכ֣וֹת לָעַ֑ד תְּחַדֵּ֥הוּ בְ֝שִׂמְחָ֗ה אֶת־פָּנֶֽיךָ׃‎ For Thou makest him most blessed for ever; Thou makest him glad with joy in Thy presence.
8 כִּֽי־הַ֭מֶּלֶךְ בֹּטֵ֣חַ בַּיהֹוָ֑ה וּבְחֶ֥סֶד עֶ֝לְי֗וֹן בַּל־יִמּֽוֹט׃‎ For the king trusteth in the LORD, yea, in the mercy of the Most High; he shall not be moved.
9 תִּמְצָ֣א יָ֭דְךָ לְכׇל־אֹיְבֶ֑יךָ יְ֝מִֽינְךָ֗ תִּמְצָ֥א שֹׂנְאֶֽיךָ׃‎ Thy hand shall be equal to all thine enemies; Thy right hand shall overtake those that hate thee.
10 תְּשִׁיתֵ֤מוֹ ׀ כְּתַנּ֥וּר אֵשׁ֮ לְעֵ֢ת פָּ֫נֶ֥יךָ יְ֭הֹוָה בְּאַפּ֣וֹ יְבַלְּעֵ֑ם וְֽתֹאכְלֵ֥ם אֵֽשׁ׃‎ Thou shalt make them as a fiery furnace in the time of thine anger; The LORD shall swallow them up in His wrath, and the fire shall devour them.
11 פִּ֭רְיָמוֹ מֵאֶ֣רֶץ תְּאַבֵּ֑ד וְ֝זַרְעָ֗ם מִבְּנֵ֥י אָדָֽם׃‎ Their fruit shalt thou destroy from the earth, and their seed from among the children of men.
12 כִּי־נָט֣וּ עָלֶ֣יךָ רָעָ֑ה חָֽשְׁב֥וּ מְ֝זִמָּ֗ה בַּל־יוּכָֽלוּ׃‎ For they intended evil against thee, They imagined a device, wherewith they shall not prevail.
13 כִּ֭י תְּשִׁיתֵ֣מוֹ שֶׁ֑כֶם בְּ֝מֵֽיתָרֶ֗יךָ תְּכוֹנֵ֥ן עַל־פְּנֵיהֶֽם׃‎ For thou shalt make them turn their back, Thou shalt make ready with thy bowstrings against the face of them.
14 ר֣וּמָה יְהֹוָ֣ה בְּעֻזֶּ֑ךָ נָשִׁ֥ירָה וּֽ֝נְזַמְּרָ֗ה גְּבוּרָתֶֽךָ׃‎ Be Thou exalted, O LORD, in Thy strength; so will we sing and praise Thy power.

King James Version

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(To the chief Musician, A Psalm of David.)

  1. The king shall joy in thy strength, O LORD; and in thy salvation how greatly shall he rejoice!
  2. Thou hast given him his heart's desire, and hast not withholden the request of his lips. Selah.
  3. For thou preventest him with the blessings of goodness: thou settest a crown of pure gold on his head.
  4. He asked life of thee, and thou gavest it him, even length of days for ever and ever.
  5. His glory is great in thy salvation: honour and majesty hast thou laid upon him.
  6. For thou hast made him most blessed for ever: thou hast made him exceeding glad with thy countenance.
  7. For the king trusteth in the LORD, and through the mercy of the most High he shall not be moved.
  8. Thine hand shall find out all thine enemies: thy right hand shall find out those that hate thee.
  9. Thou shalt make them as a fiery oven in the time of thine anger: the LORD shall swallow them up in his wrath, and the fire shall devour them.
  10. Their fruit shalt thou destroy from the earth, and their seed from among the children of men.
  11. For they intended evil against thee: they imagined a mischievous device, which they are not able to perform.
  12. Therefore shalt thou make them turn their back, when thou shalt make ready thine arrows upon thy strings against the face of them.
  13. Be thou exalted, LORD, in thine own strength: so will we sing and praise thy power.

Themes

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This royal psalm and the previous one are closely related: they are both liturgical psalms; in both, the king is the prominent figure.[4] Psalm 21 is characterised as a psalm of thanksgiving. It focuses on the imagery of a king; the king is often credited with being an example of the moral state of a kingdom in the Old Testament.[5]

Commentary by the theologian John Calvin relates this psalm to the belief that God had appointed a succession of rulers on Earth, starting with David and eventually leading to the messiah, who Calvin identified as Jesus. Calvin also implies that this psalm does not refer to a specific king, but to all kings.[6] The Jerusalem Bible identifies both messianic and eschatological themes, and commends the application of this psalm to the idea of "Christ the King".[7] Verse 9, the time of thine anger in the King James Version, the day that you appear in the Jerusalem Bible, and the reference to a blazing furnace "suggest a more ... eschatological perspective".[8]

Commentator Cyril Rodd notes that "the situation to which [the psalm] refers is not clear". He identifies four possible occasions for its composition or use:

  • before a battle
  • after a victory
  • at the king's coronation
  • at an annual celebration of the king's accession.[9]

The New Revised Standard Version specifies that it is a psalm of "thanksgiving for victory".[10]

Uses

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In the Church of England's Book of Common Prayer, this psalm is appointed to be read on the morning of the fourth day of the month,[11] as well as at Mattins on Ascension Day.[12]

This psalm has been used as the name of the church ministry known as "Psalm 21 Church" or "Psalm 21 Kingdom Heritage", in Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia since 2004.[13]

Verses 1-4 are used as the source material for the anthem "O Lord Make Thy Servant Elizabeth" by William Byrd.[14]

Musical settings

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A setting of Psalm 21 in English, "O Lord how joyful is the king", by John Bennet was published in 1621 in The Whole Booke of Psalmes, edited by Thomas Ravenscroft. Heinrich Schütz wrote a setting of a paraphrase of the psalm in German, "Hoch freuet sich der König", SWV 118, for the Becker Psalter, published first in 1628. Marc-Antoine Charpentier set a Latin version around 1675, one Prière pour le Roi "Domine in virtute tua", H.164 for 3 voices, 2 treble instruments, and continuo. Handel used verses 1 and 3–5 in English for his Coronation anthem in three movements, The King Shall Rejoice, HWV 260, in 1727.

References

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  1. ^ Parallel Latin/English Psalter / Psalmus 20 (21) medievalist.net
  2. ^ "Psalms – Chapter 21". Mechon Mamre.
  3. ^ "Psalms 21 - JPS 1917". Sefaria.org.
  4. ^ Kirkpatrick, A. F., (1906), Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Psalm 20, accessed 10 October 2021
  5. ^ The Artscroll Tehillim, page 38
  6. ^ Calvin, John. "Calvin's Commentaries, Vol. 8: Psalms, Part I". Sacred Texts. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  7. ^ Jerusalem Bible (1966), footnote a at the start of Psalm 21
  8. ^ Jerusalem Bible (1966), footnote b at Psalm 21:9
  9. ^ Rodd, C. S., 18. Psalms in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary Archived 2017-11-22 at the Wayback Machine, p. 373
  10. ^ Psalm 21:NRSV: NRSV heading
  11. ^ Church of England, Book of Common Prayer: The Psalter as printed by John Baskerville in 1762, pp. 196ff
  12. ^ "The Book of Common Prayer: Proper Psalms On Certain Days" (PDF). The Church of England. p. 6. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  13. ^ "Psalm21 Kingdom Heritage Community". psalm21.org. Retrieved 2016-12-09.
  14. ^ "Byrd W - O Lord make thy servant Elizabeth". The Choir of St. John's College, Cambridge. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
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