Zarphatic, also called Judeo-French (Zarphatic: Tzarfatit) or Western Loez,[3] is an extinct Jewish language that was spoken by the French Jews of northern France and in parts of west-central Germany, such as Mainz, Frankfurt am Main and Aix-la-Chapelle. It was also spoken by French Jews who moved to Norman England.[4] Some have conjectured that the language influenced the development of Yiddish.[5][6]
| Zarphatic | |
|---|---|
| Judæo-French | |
| צרפתית Tzarfatit | |
| Native to | France, Germany and England |
| Ethnicity | Ashkenazi Jews |
| Extinct | 14th century[1] |
Early forms | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | zrp |
zrp.html | |
| Glottolog | zarp1238 |
Etymology
editThe term Zarphatic, coined by Solomon Birnbaum,[7] comes from the Hebrew name for France, Tzarfat (צרפת), which was originally used in the Hebrew Bible as a name for the city of Sarepta, in Phoenicia. Unlike most other Jewish languages which had a lot of loan words from Hebrew, it had relatively few. This has led to the conclusion that it may not have been a far-distant language but, instead, a dialect of Old French.[8]
History and use
editZarphatic was written using a variation of the Hebrew alphabet. It first appeared in this form in the 11th century in glosses of the Torah and Talmud written by the rabbis Moshe HaDarshan and Rashi.[3] The language became secularised during the 13th century, becoming used in varied domains such as poetry, medicine, astronomy, and commerce.[3]
Most linguists agree that Zarphatic was not fundamentally different from Old French, and that it was more of a writing system and literary tradition that reflected the Jewish culture of the day. According to some researchers,[9] it was different from the Christian majority dialect, and thus a specific Judeo-Romance language. However, other linguists contend that it was essentially the same as Christian dialects of the same regions, with only some Hebrew influences.[10]
It seems that Zarphatic was probably never a vernacular language, and that the Jews of the area did not speak a differing language or dialect, at least not one distinguished by phonology or lexicon beyond that specific to a community.[11] Rather, it acted more as a liturgical language, for exegesis and literature. Its primary use was for explanation and vulgarisation of biblical and rabbinical literature. Most of the elements from the Hebrew language are found in the function words (articles, prepositions, etc.), though there are some changed to verbs and vocabulary.[12]
Extinction
editDue to the constant persecution, killing and expulsion of Jews from France and other European[13][14][15] nations, the Zarphatic language likely went extinct in the 14th century; documentation of the language slows in the mid-14th century.[3] The last known example of Zarphatic is a recipe for charoset written in 1470.[10]
Writing system
editZarphatic was written using the Hebrew writing system and the Tiberian system for diacritical markers and reflected some Latin writing traditions that help to distinguish it from a solely phonetic reproduction of spoken language.[3][10]
Not all Hebrew graphemes are used in Zarphatic: the graphemes kaph (כ), samekh (ס), and tav (ת), are rare, and ḥet (ח) and ʕayin (ע) are omitted entirely.[3]
| Language | Example text |
|---|---|
| Old French
(Hebrew script) |
קוֹזָא קִיאֵייט אַקוֹטֶוּמֵייאָה זֵייט אַטְרָא טוֹאוּטְ אוֹטְרִייֵאָה |
| Transliteration | q̄ōzə qīyēyṭ aqōṭūmēyəh dēyṭ aṭre ṭōūṭ ōṭryēəh |
| Old French
(Latin script) |
Chose qui eit acotumeie, deit etre tout otreieie |
| English translation | Something that is customary must be granted freely |
| French translation | Ce qui est coutumier doit être accordé librement |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Kiwitt, Marc; Zwink, Julia. "Judeo-French". Jewish Languages. Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion. Archived from the original on 2022-10-13. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). "Oil". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 2022-10-08. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
- ^ a b c d e f Edzard, Alexandra B. (2021). "Judeo-French". Jewish Languages: Text specimens, grammatical, lexical, and cultural sketches. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 557, 561–75. ISBN 978-3-447-11708-1. JSTOR j.ctv2h439g6.
- ^ Hillaby (2013), pp. 1, 112, 194-5.
- ^ Katznelson, Itzhak (2008). "Yiddish Language". Encyclopaedia iudaica.
- ^ Weinreich, M. (1959). History of the Yiddish Language: The Problems and Their Implications. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 103(4), 563–570. http://www.jstor.org/stable/985559
- ^ S. A. Birnbaum, Yiddish: A Survey and a Grammar, Second Edition (University of Toronto Press, 2016), p. 33.
- ^ ScribdA document about the Zarphatic Language
- ^ M. Weinreich et S. A. Birnbaum, cited by Marc Kiwitt, cf sources
- ^ a b c "Judeo-French". Jewish Languages. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
- ^ Jean Baumgarten in La question du judéo-français vue par les philologues allemands et français, citing M. Bannitt; cf bibliographie
- ^ a b Edzard, Alexandra B. (2021). Jewish Languages: Text specimens, grammatical, lexical, and cultural sketches. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 579, 585–9. ISBN 978-3-447-11708-1. JSTOR j.ctv2h439g6.
- ^ History of the Jews in France
- ^ Expulsions and exoduses of Jews
- ^ HistoryTotal expulsion of Jews from France by King Charles VI on 17 September 1394
- Information for this article draws heavily on the information presented on the Jewish Languages project Judeo-French page Archived 2009-05-01 at the Wayback Machine
- Hillaby, Joe (2013). The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo-Jewish History. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230278165.
- Philippe Bobichon, Controverse judéo-chrétienne en Ashkenaz (XIIIe s.). Florilèges polémiques : hébreu, latin, ancien français, Bibliothèque de l’EPHE-SR, Paris, 2015 online
External links
edit- Menahem Banitt and Cyril Aslanov (1972, 2006), Judeo-French Archived 2015-07-19 at the Wayback Machine, from Encyclopaedia Judaica; via Jewish Virtual Library
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