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### HTML5 技术知识点详解 #### 一、HTML5 概述 - **定义**：HTML5 是超文本标记语言（HyperText Markup Language）第五个版本的标准规范，由W3C组织制定并推广。 - **特点**： - 支持离线存储。 - 增加了多种新元素，如`<section>`、`<header>`等，以提高语义化程度。 - 内置多媒体支持，如`<video>`、`<audio>`标签，无需插件即可播放音频视频。 - 提供了Canvas绘图功能，可以实现复杂的图形绘制与动画效果。 - 支持拖拽API，使文件上传或元素移动更加直观便捷。 - 引入Web Workers和Web Sockets，支持多线程和实时双向通信。 #### 二、HTML5 新增元素 - **结构化元素**： - `<article>`：表示页面中的独立文章。 - `<aside>`：表示页面主内容外的辅助信息。 - `<details>`：表示可以显示或隐藏详情信息的容器。 - `<figcaption>`：为`<figure>`提供标题或说明。 - `<footer>`：用于定义文档或区段的底部。 - `<header>`：用于定义文档或区段的头部。 - `<main>`：表示文档或应用程序的主要内容。 - `<nav>`：定义导航链接的部分。 - `<section>`：定义文档中的独立部分，如章节、页眉、页脚等。 - `<summary>`：与`<details>`配合使用，定义可见的标题。 - **交互式元素**： - `<command>`：定义命令按钮，如按钮、菜单项等。 - `<dialog>`：定义对话框或提示框。 - `<meter>`：用于表示指定范围内的数值。 - `<progress>`：显示任务完成进度。 - `<time>`：定义时间或日期。 - **媒体元素**： - `<audio>`：内嵌声音内容。 - `<source>`：用于为`<audio>`或`<video>`提供多个数据源。 - `<track>`：用于为`<audio>`或`<video>`提供文本轨道，如字幕。 - `<video>`：内嵌视频内容。 - **表单元素**： - `<datalist>`：定义选项列表，常与`<input>`配合使用。 - `<keygen>`：用于公钥生成。 - `<output>`：定义计算结果的输出位置。 - `<progress>`：显示任务完成进度。 - `<wbr>`：软换行符，允许在指定位置换行。 #### 三、HTML5 API - **离线存储**：通过`applicationCache`接口，支持网页应用的离线访问。 - **多媒体API**：`<video>`和`<audio>`元素支持多种事件处理，如播放、暂停、结束等。 - **Canvas API**：提供了绘图上下文，支持二维图形的绘制与动画。 - **Web Storage**：包括`localStorage`和`sessionStorage`两种类型，提供客户端存储解决方案。 - **Drag and Drop API**：允许用户直接拖拽文件或元素至网页上。 - **Web Workers**：实现了后台线程的功能，可以在不阻塞用户界面的情况下执行复杂计算。 - **Web Sockets**：实现实时双向通信，用于构建聊天应用等场景。 #### 四、HTML5 文档结构 - **基本结构**：HTML5文档的基本结构包括`<!DOCTYPE html>`声明、`<html>`标签、`<head>`和`<body>`部分。 - `<!DOCTYPE html>`：声明文档类型为HTML5。 - `<html>`：文档根元素。 - `<head>`：包含元信息，如字符集、标题、样式表链接等。 - `<body>`：文档主体，包含所有可见内容。 #### 五、HTML5 与浏览器兼容性 - **兼容性**：不同浏览器对HTML5的支持程度不同，开发者需注意检查目标用户的浏览器版本，并考虑使用Polyfill等方法提高兼容性。 - **检测工具**：可以使用Can I Use等网站来查询特定功能在不同浏览器中的支持情况。 #### 六、总结 HTML5 的推出极大地丰富了Web开发的功能性和可用性，不仅增强了网页的多媒体能力，还提高了用户体验，使得网页应用更加接近原生应用的水平。对于前端开发者而言，掌握HTML5的相关特性对于构建高质量的现代Web应用至关重要。

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ptg

Download from www.wowebook.com

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Introducing HTML5

Bruce Lawson and Remy Sharp

New Riders

1249 Eighth Street

Berkeley, CA 94710

510/524-2178

510/524-2221 (fax)

Find us on the Web at: www.newriders.com

To r eport errors , please send a not e to errata@pea chpit.com

New Riders is an imprint of Peachpit, a division of Pearson Education

Project Editor: Michael J. Nolan

Development Editor: Je Riley/Box Twelve Communications

Technical Editors: Patrick H. Lauke (www.splintered.co.uk),

Robert Nyman (www.robertnyman.com)

Production Editor: Cory Borman

Copyeditor: Doug Adrianson

Proofreader: Darren Meiss

Compositor: Danielle Foster

Indexer: Joy Dean Lee

Back cover author photo: Patrick H. Lauke

Notice of Rights

any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or

otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. For informa-

tion on getting permission for reprints and excerpts, contact permissions@

peachpit.com.

Notice of Liability

The information in this book is distributed on an “As Is” basis without war-

ranty. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of the book,

neither the authors nor Peachpit shall have any liability to any person or

entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused

directly or indirectly by the instructions contained in this book or by the com-

puter software and hardware products described in it.

Trademarks

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish

their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear

in this book, and Peachpit was aware of a trademark claim, the designa-

tions appear as requested by the owner of the trademark. All other product

names and services identiﬁ ed throughout this book are used in editorial

fashion only and for the beneﬁ t of such companies with no intention of

infringement of the trademark. No such use, or the use of any trade name, is

intended to convey endorsement or other aliation with this book.

ISBN 13: 978-0-321-68729-6

ISBN 10: 0-321-68729-9

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

Printed and bound in the United States of America

Download from www.wowebook.com

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Mega-thanks to co-author-turned-friend Remy Sharp, and friend-

turned-ruthless-tech-editor Patrick Lauke: il miglior fabbro.

Thanks to the Opera Developer Relations Team, particularly the

editor of dev.opera.com, Chris Mills, for allowing me to re-use some

materials I wrote for him, Daniel Davis for his description of <ruby>,

Shwetank Dixit for checking some drafts and David Storey for

being so knowledgeable about Web Standards and generously

sharing that knowledge. Big shout to former team member Henny

Swan for her support and lemon cake. Elsewhere in Opera, the

speciﬁ cation team of James Graham, Lachlan Hunt, Philip Jägen-

stedt, Anne van Kesteren, and Simon Pieters checked chapters

and answered 45,763 daft questions with good humour. Nothing

in this book is the opinion of Opera Software ASA.

Ian Hickson has also answered many a question, and my fellow

HTML5 doctors (

www.html5doctor.com) have provided much

insight and support.

Thanks to Gez Lemon and mighty Steve Faulkner for advice on

WAI-ARIA. Thanks to Denis Boudreau, Adrian Higginbotham,

Pratik Patel, Gregory J Rosmaita, and Léonie Watson for screen-

reader advice.

Ter en ce E de n to ok th e Bl ac kBe rr y sc re ens ho ts i n C ha pte r 3 ,

Ross Bruniges let me use a screenshot of his site http://www.

thecssdiv.co.uk/ in Chapter 1 and Jake Smith provided valuable

feedback on early drafts of my chapters.

Thanks to Stuart Langridge for drinkage, immoral support and

suggesting the working title “HTML5 Utopia”. Mr Last Week’s cre-

ative vituperation provided loadsalas. Thanks, whoever you are.

Thanks to John Allsopp, Tantek Çelik, John Foliot, Jeremy Keith,

Matt May and Eric Meyer for conversations about the future of markup.

Lastly, but most importantly, thanks to thousands of students,

conference attendees and Twitter followers for their questions

and feedback.

This book is in memory of my grandmother, Marjorie Whitehead,

8 March 1917–28 April 2010, and dedicated to Nongyaw, Marina

and James, without whom life would be monochrome.

—Bruce Lawson

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSiv

Über thanks to Bruce who invited me to co-author this book,

without whom I would have spent the early part of 2010 com-

plaining about the weather instead of writing this book. On that

note, I’d also like to thank Chris Mills for even recommending

me to Bruce.

To Ro ber t N yma n, my t ec hn ica l e dit or : wh en I wa s i n ne ed o f

someone to challenge my JavaScript, I knew that there would

always been a Swede at hand. Thank you for making sure my

code was as sound as it could be.

Thanks to the local Brighton cafés, Coee@33 and Cafe Delice,

for letting me spend so many hours writing this book and drink-

ing your coee.

To m y l oca l B rig ht on d ig it al c om mun it y an d n ew f ri end s w ho

have managed to keep me both sane and insane over the last

few years of working alone. Thank you to Danny Hope, Josh

Russell and Anna Debenham for being my extended colleagues.

Thank you to Jeremy Keith for letting me rant and rail over

HTML5, bounce ideas and encourage me to publish my thoughts.

Equally thanks to Jessica for letting us talk tech over beers!

The HTML5 Doctors and Rich Clark in particular for inviting

meto contribute—and also to the team for publishing such

greatmaterial.

To w ho le # jq uer y- ot cha nn el f or the ir hel p w hen I n eed ed

to debug, or voice my frustration over a problem, and being

some place I could go rather than having to turn to my cats

forJavaScript support.

The #whatwg channel for their help when I had misinterpreted

the speciﬁ cation and needed to be put back on the right path.

To a ll con fe ren ce or gan is ers th at i nv ite d m e to sp eak , t o th e

conference goers that came to hear me ramble, to my Twitter

followers that have helped answer my questions and helped

spur me on to completing this book with Bruce: thank you. I’ve

tried my best with the book, and if there’s anything incorrect or

out of date: buy the 2nd edition ;-)

Finally to my wife: thank you for all your support, for being my

best friend, and for being a badass when I needed you. You’ve

always rocked my world.

This book is dedicated to my unborn baby: I wrote this book

while you were being baked in mummy’s tummy.

—Remy Sharp

Download from www.wowebook.com

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2016-06-26

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