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- Rice production in Laos is important to the national economy and food supply. Rice is a key staple for Laos, and over 60% of arable land is used for its cultivation. Only around 4% of Laos’ total area is arable, which is the smallest amount of arable land of any country in Southeast Asia, due its mountainous terrain (see Geography of Laos). Rice is primarily produced in the country’s lowland areas, with only approximately 11% of production taking place in highland areas. Many of the leading rice-producing provinces are located along the Mekong River (e.g., Vientiane, Khammouan, Bolikhamxai, Savannakhet, Salavan, and Champasak). Average rice farms are small, averaging only around 1–2 hectares (2.5–4.9 acres). As of 2019, approximately 1.5 million metric tons of rice were produced in Laos. Production can vary significantly between years but has been improving due to the adaption of higher-yield varieties and increased irrigated acreage. However, almost 90% of rice production occurs during the wet season, as only about 12% of the cultivated rice area is irrigated. There is no irrigated acreage in the highland area, limiting highland rice farmers’ growing season to one crop per year (April–November), while some lowland rice farmers have been able to cultivate rice twice a year with irrigated farms near the Mekong River. The lowland main rice crop is usually planted in June and July and harvested from October to December. The lowland off-season crop is usually planted in December and January and harvested in April and May. Glutinous rice production makes up around 80% of all Lao rice production, with most of the remaining production consisting of white and fragrant rice. Mechanization remains quite limited but is becoming more common in major rice-producing provinces. As rice is critical to rural income and food security, the government regulates the value chain for rice quite closely (e.g., setting price floors for farm gate paddy rice purchases). Similarly, traders seeking to export rice must register with both the national government and the provincial government. As of 2020, the Lao government was drafting its Agricultural Development Strategy taking into account the new atmosphere presented by the outbreak of COVID-19. COVID-19 came after two years of troubled agricultural production in Laos due to adverse weather conditions and pest infestations, which made the Lao government rethink its current agricultural policies. The Lao government was looking to focus more on small farmers and invest in more research and extension. The Lao government was also placing an emphasis on green and sustainable growing techniques. The government has prioritized increasing rice production and exports with the objective of increasing total paddy rice production to 5,000,000 metric tons (4,900,000 long tons; 5,500,000 short tons) with 1,000,000 metric tons (980,000 long tons; 1,100,000 short tons) of exports by 2025. The Lao government was focusing on increasing irrigated acreage and improving seed varieties to meet its goal. (en)
- 水稻種植，對老撾國民經濟和糧食供應很重要。老撾主要的水稻品種是糯米。 稻米是雨季期間生長的主要作物，在通常情況下，降雨量足以生產水稻。但是，如果在水稻種植週期的關鍵時期停止降雨數周至一個月，產量將受到顯著影響。旱稻品種雖然適應較低的水分需求，但也受到間歇性降雨的影響，因為農民無法在其田地中儲水。 整個1980年代（除了1988年和1990年代初期），稻田佔農業用地的80％以上，占主要農作物總產量的73％至84％。低地稻田（那）的灌溉溝裡也產魚。1974年至1986年間，大米產量翻了一番多，從不到70萬噸增加到140萬噸;然而，1987年和1988年的干旱使年產量減少了近三分之一，達到約100萬噸，迫使政府依靠外國糧食援助來滿足其國內需求。1988年和1989年，約有14萬噸大米被捐贈或出售給老撾。隨著天氣的改善和逐漸放棄農業集體化，1989年稻米產量激增40％。產量的增加反映了農業部門對經濟的重要性，並對老撾經濟復甦負有主要責任。 1990年，產量繼續增加，但速度要慢得多，達到了水稻自給自足的程度：達到創紀錄的150萬噸。然而，國家一級的充分性掩蓋了相當大的區域差異。湄公河南部的甘蒙省，沙灣拿吉省和占巴塞省定期豐收，萬象和烏多姆賽省也是如此，但因運輸系統不足，往往使得某些省份從泰國或越南購買大米比從其他省份購買大米更容易。據一些消息來源稱，從1986年到1991年，從事水稻生產的勞動力比例逐漸下降了30％以上，這是政府鼓勵的趨勢，因為它傾向於增加出口導向型生產。然而，一些人擔心這種趨勢會威脅到糧食的持續自給自足，這是政府的另一個關鍵目標。然而，持續的自給自足更可能取決於農業投入的持續增加，例如化肥和改良水稻品種，而不是實際參與種植的工人數量。 整個1980年代稻米產量的總體增長是每公頃生產力提高的結果，而不是稻米種植面積的增加; 事實上，稻米種植面積在1980年代有所下降，從1980年的732,000公頃減少到1990年的657,000公頃。然而，由於農民很少使用化肥或灌溉及傾向只種一造，儘管政府努力促進雙季稻的使用，但大多數土地在20世紀90年代初期仍然只產出一造作物。 (zh)
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- Rice production in Laos is important to the national economy and food supply. Rice is a key staple for Laos, and over 60% of arable land is used for its cultivation. Only around 4% of Laos’ total area is arable, which is the smallest amount of arable land of any country in Southeast Asia, due its mountainous terrain (see Geography of Laos). Rice is primarily produced in the country’s lowland areas, with only approximately 11% of production taking place in highland areas. Many of the leading rice-producing provinces are located along the Mekong River (e.g., Vientiane, Khammouan, Bolikhamxai, Savannakhet, Salavan, and Champasak). Average rice farms are small, averaging only around 1–2 hectares (2.5–4.9 acres). (en)
- 水稻種植，對老撾國民經濟和糧食供應很重要。老撾主要的水稻品種是糯米。 稻米是雨季期間生長的主要作物，在通常情況下，降雨量足以生產水稻。但是，如果在水稻種植週期的關鍵時期停止降雨數周至一個月，產量將受到顯著影響。旱稻品種雖然適應較低的水分需求，但也受到間歇性降雨的影響，因為農民無法在其田地中儲水。 整個1980年代（除了1988年和1990年代初期），稻田佔農業用地的80％以上，占主要農作物總產量的73％至84％。低地稻田（那）的灌溉溝裡也產魚。1974年至1986年間，大米產量翻了一番多，從不到70萬噸增加到140萬噸;然而，1987年和1988年的干旱使年產量減少了近三分之一，達到約100萬噸，迫使政府依靠外國糧食援助來滿足其國內需求。1988年和1989年，約有14萬噸大米被捐贈或出售給老撾。隨著天氣的改善和逐漸放棄農業集體化，1989年稻米產量激增40％。產量的增加反映了農業部門對經濟的重要性，並對老撾經濟復甦負有主要責任。 整個1980年代稻米產量的總體增長是每公頃生產力提高的結果，而不是稻米種植面積的增加; 事實上，稻米種植面積在1980年代有所下降，從1980年的732,000公頃減少到1990年的657,000公頃。然而，由於農民很少使用化肥或灌溉及傾向只種一造，儘管政府努力促進雙季稻的使用，但大多數土地在20世紀90年代初期仍然只產出一造作物。 (zh)
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