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- يجعل الدستور الهندي توفير الرعاية الصحية في الهند مسؤولية حكومات الولايات، بدلًا من الحكومة الفيدرالية المركزية. فهو يجعل كل ولاية مسؤولة عن «تحسين مستوى التغذية ورفع مستوى المعيشة وتحسين الصحة العامة لشعبها من بين واجباتها الأساسية». أُقرت السياسة الصحية الوطنية من قبل برلمان الهند في عام 1983 وحدثت في عام 2002، ثم حدثت مرة أخرى في عام 2017. تشير التحديثات الأربعة الرئيسية الأخيرة في عام 2017 إلى الحاجة إلى التركيز على العبء المتزايد للأمراض غير السارية، على ظهور مجال صناعة الرعاية الصحية القوي، وعلى تزايد حالات الإنفاق غير المستدام بسبب تكاليف الرعاية الصحية وزيادة النمو الاقتصادي ما يتيح تعزيز السعة المالية. لكن من الناحية العملية، يعد قطاع الرعاية الصحية الخاص مسؤولًا عن غالبية الرعاية الصحية في الهند، وتُدفع معظم نفقات الرعاية الصحية مباشرةً من قبل المرضى وأسرهم، بدلاً من تغطيتها من قبل التأمين الصحي. شجعت السياسة الصحية الحكومية إلى حد كبير على توسيع القطاع الخاص بالاقتران مع برامج الصحة العامة جيدة التصميم ولكن محدودة. أُطلق مشروع التأمين الصحي الممول من الحكومة في عام 2018 من قبل حكومة الهند، وسُمي أيوشمان بهارات. وفقًا للبنك الدولي، بلغ إجمالي الإنفاق على الرعاية الصحية كنسبة من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي في عام 2015 نحو 3.89%. من أصل 3.89%، بلغ الإنفاق الصحي الحكومي كنسبة من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي 1% فقط، وبلغ الإنفاق الفعلي كنسبة من الإنفاق الصحي الحالي 65.06% في عام 2015. (ar)
- India has a multi-payer universal health care model that is paid for by a combination of public and private health insurance funds along with the element of almost entirely tax-funded public hospitals. The public hospital system is essentially free for all Indian residents except for small, often symbolic co-payments in some services. At the federal level, a national publicly funded health insurance program was launched in 2018 by the Government of India, called Ayushman Bharat. This aimed to cover the bottom 50% (500 million people) of the country's population working in the unorganized sector (enterprises having less than 10 employees) and offers them free treatment at both public and private hospitals. For people working in the organized sector (enterprises with more than 10 employees) and earning a monthly salary of up to ₹21,000 are covered by the social insurance scheme of Employees' State Insurance which entirely funds their healthcare (along with unemployment benefits), both in public and private hospitals. People earning more than that amount are provided health insurance coverage by their employers through either one of the four main public health insurance funds which are the National Insurance Company, The Oriental Insurance Company, United India Insurance Company and New India Assurance or a private insurance provider. All employers in India are legally mandated to provide health insurance coverage to their employees and dependents as part of Social Security in India. As of 2020, 300 million Indians are covered by insurance bought from one of the public or private insurance companies by their employers as group or individual plans. Indian nationals and foreigners who work in the public sector are eligible for a comprehensive package of benefits including, both public and private health, preventive, diagnostic, and curative services and pharmaceuticals with very few exclusions and no cost sharing. Most services including state of the art cardio-vascular procedures, organ transplants, and cancer treatments (including bone marrow transplants) are covered. Employers are responsible for paying for an extensive package of services for private sector expatriates (through one of the public or private funds) unless they are eligible for the Employees' State Insurance. Unemployed people without coverage are covered by the various state funding schemes for emergency hospitalization if they do not have the means to pay for it.In 2019, the total net government spending on healthcare was $36 billion or 1.23% of its GDP. India had allocated 1.8% of its GDP to health in 2020–21. Since the country's independence, the public hospital system has been entirely funded through general taxation. The National Health Policy was endorsed by the Parliament of India in 1983 and updated in 2002, and then again updated in 2017. The recent four main updates in 2017 mentions the need to focus on the growing burden of non-communicable diseases, on the emergence of the robust healthcare industry, on growing incidences of unsustainable expenditure due to health care costs and on rising economic growth enabling enhanced fiscal capacity. In practice however, the private healthcare sector is responsible for the majority of healthcare in India, and a lot of healthcare expenses are paid directly out of pocket by patients and their families, rather than through health insurance due to incomplete coverage. Government health policy has thus far largely encouraged private-sector expansion in conjunction with well designed but limited public health programmes. According to the National Health Accounts report, the total expenditure on health care as a proportion of GDP in 2018 was 3.2%. Out of 3.2%, the governmental health expenditure as a proportion of GDP is just 2%, and the out-of-pocket expenditure as a proportion of the current health expenditure was 42.06% in 2019 while expenditure of the government and health insurance funds increased to 57%. Attracting 45 percent of health tourists visiting India and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists, Chennai is termed "India's health capital". The Human Rights Measurement Initiative finds that India is doing 80.5% of what should be possible at its level of income for the right to health. (en)
- 인도의 보건의료는 거의 전액이 세금으로 지원되는 공립 병원의 요소와 함께 공공 및 민간 건강 보험의 조합으로 비용을 지불하는 보편적인 다중 지불자 건강 관리 모델이 특징이다. 공립 병원 시스템은 일부 서비스에서 자기부담금을 제외하고 모든 인도 거주자에게 기본적으로 무료이다. 2019년에 의료에 대한 총 정부 순 지출은 360억 달러로 GDP의 1.23%였다. (ko)
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