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- The TGV (French: Train à Grande Vitesse, high-speed train) is France's high-speed rail service. The idea of a high-speed train in France was born about twenty years before the first TGVs entered service. At that time, about 1960, a radical new concept was thought up; combining very high speeds and steep grades would allow a railway to follow the contours of existing terrain, like a gentle roller coaster. Instead of one or two percent grades which would be considered steep in normal applications, grades up to four percent would be feasible, thus allowing more flexible (and cheaper) routing of new lines. Over the next several years, this very general idea gave rise to a variety of high speed transportation concepts, which tended to move away from conventional "wheel on rail" vehicles. Indeed, the French government at the time favoured more "modern" air-cushioned or maglev trains, such as Bertin's Aérotrain; Steel wheel on rail was considered a dead-end technology. Simultaneously, SNCF (the French national railways) was trying to raise the speeds of conventional trains into the range 180 to 200 km/h (110 to 125 mph) for non-electrified sections, by using gas turbines for propulsion. Energy was reasonably cheap in those years, and gas turbines (originally designed for helicopters) were a compact and efficient way to fulfil requirements for more power. Following on the TGS prototype in 1967, SNCF introduced gas turbine propulsion with the ETG (Elément à Turbine à Gaz, or Gas Turbine Unit) turbotrains in Paris - Cherbourg service, in March 1970. The desire for higher speeds and the successful development of the turbotrain program are two ideas that came together in the late 1960s, further spurred on by the 1964 start of the Japanese Shinkansen high-speed train. They were embodied in a joint program between SNCF and industry to explore the possibility of a high speed gas turbine unit. The project, initiated in 1967, was entitled "Rail Possibilities on New Infrastructures" and was code-named C03.The experimental X4300 TGS railcar, predecessor of the ETG, had been tested at speeds up to 252 km/h (157 mph) in October 1971, and gave promising results. Since the very high speed lines envisioned by SNCF called for speeds of 250 km/h to 300 km/h (155 mph to 186 mph), SNCF had Alsthom-Atlantique build a special high speed turbotrain prototype to test out some concepts in high speed rail. Thus was born the turbotrain TGV 001, standing for Train à Grande Vitesse, or High Speed Train 001. (en)
- L'histoire de la grande vitesse ferroviaire en France, popularisée sous son sigle TGV, commence officiellement en 1976 avec la concession par l'État à la SNCF d'une ligne nouvelle entre Paris et Lyon. Le concept de TGV lui-même a pris naissance dans les années 1965-1966 avec la création au sein de la SNCF d'un « Service de la recherche », devenu plus tard « Direction de la recherche et de la technologie ». Les éléments précurseurs de cette idée sont multiples : les possibilités techniques d'amélioration de la vitesse sur le réseau classique (sous-tendues par les records de 1955 qui permirent d'atteindre 331 km/h avec des rames tractées par des locomotives électriques classiques), le projet allemand, présenté en 1963, d'évolution du réseau de la Deutsche Bahn pour permettre la circulation de trains de voyageurs circulant à 200 ou 250 km/h, la mise en service en octobre 1964 au Japon du premier Shinkansen, circulant à 210 km/h sur une infrastructure dédiée du Tōkaidō, enfin, depuis 1964, le projet d'aérotrain de l'ingénieur Bertin qui envisageait alors une liaison Paris-Lyon à 400 km/h, projet qui n'a pas retenu l'attention des ingénieurs de la SNCF attachés au système roue-rail mais qui a éveillé leur intérêt. (fr)
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- The TGV (French: Train à Grande Vitesse, high-speed train) is France's high-speed rail service. The idea of a high-speed train in France was born about twenty years before the first TGVs entered service. At that time, about 1960, a radical new concept was thought up; combining very high speeds and steep grades would allow a railway to follow the contours of existing terrain, like a gentle roller coaster. Instead of one or two percent grades which would be considered steep in normal applications, grades up to four percent would be feasible, thus allowing more flexible (and cheaper) routing of new lines. Over the next several years, this very general idea gave rise to a variety of high speed transportation concepts, which tended to move away from conventional "wheel on rail" vehicles. Indeed (en)
- L'histoire de la grande vitesse ferroviaire en France, popularisée sous son sigle TGV, commence officiellement en 1976 avec la concession par l'État à la SNCF d'une ligne nouvelle entre Paris et Lyon. Le concept de TGV lui-même a pris naissance dans les années 1965-1966 avec la création au sein de la SNCF d'un « Service de la recherche », devenu plus tard « Direction de la recherche et de la technologie ». (fr)
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