外观模式(Facade Pattern)及其应用场景

CoderIsArt

于 2025-08-06 14:32:46 发布

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分类专栏：设计模式 C++11 文章标签：外观模式

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/zkmrobot/article/details/149971128

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外观模式是一种结构型设计模式，它为复杂的子系统提供了一个简化的接口。这种模式定义了一个高层接口，使得子系统更容易使用。

外观模式的特点

简化接口：为复杂的子系统提供统一的简单接口
解耦：将客户端与子系统解耦，降低依赖性
易用性：使子系统更易于使用和理解

典型应用场景

复杂子系统需要简化接口时
需要将子系统组织成层次结构时
构建多层系统时，外观可以作为每层的入口点
遗留系统集成时提供统一接口

C++ 示例程序

示例1：计算机启动过程

#include <iostream>

// 子系统类：CPU
class CPU {
public:
    void freeze() { std::cout << "CPU freeze\n"; }
    void jump(long position) { std::cout << "CPU jump to " << position << "\n"; }
    void execute() { std::cout << "CPU execute\n"; }
};

// 子系统类：内存
class Memory {
public:
    void load(long position, const std::string& data) {
        std::cout << "Memory load at " << position << ": " << data << "\n";
    }
};

// 子系统类：硬盘
class HardDrive {
public:
    std::string read(long lba, int size) {
        std::cout << "HardDrive read " << size << " bytes from " << lba << "\n";
        return "BOOT_DATA";
    }
};

// 外观类：计算机
class ComputerFacade {
private:
    CPU cpu;
    Memory memory;
    HardDrive hardDrive;
    static const long BOOT_ADDRESS = 0x7C00;
    static const long BOOT_SECTOR = 0;
    static const int SECTOR_SIZE = 512;

public:
    void start() {
        std::cout << "Computer starting...\n";
        cpu.freeze();
        std::string bootData = hardDrive.read(BOOT_SECTOR, SECTOR_SIZE);
        memory.load(BOOT_ADDRESS, bootData);
        cpu.jump(BOOT_ADDRESS);
        cpu.execute();
        std::cout << "Computer started successfully\n";
    }
};

// 客户端代码
int main() {
    ComputerFacade computer;
    computer.start();
    return 0;
}

示例2：家庭影院系统

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

// 子系统类：投影仪
class Projector {
public:
    void on() { std::cout << "Projector on\n"; }
    void off() { std::cout << "Projector off\n"; }
    void wideScreenMode() { std::cout << "Projector in widescreen mode\n"; }
};

// 子系统类：DVD播放器
class DvdPlayer {
public:
    void on() { std::cout << "DVD Player on\n"; }
    void off() { std::cout << "DVD Player off\n"; }
    void play(const std::string& movie) {
        std::cout << "DVD Player playing \"" << movie << "\"\n";
    }
    void stop() { std::cout << "DVD Player stopped\n"; }
};

// 子系统类：音响系统
class Amplifier {
public:
    void on() { std::cout << "Amplifier on\n"; }
    void off() { std::cout << "Amplifier off\n"; }
    void setVolume(int level) { std::cout << "Amplifier volume set to " << level << "\n"; }
};

// 子系统类：灯光控制
class TheaterLights {
public:
    void dim(int level) { std::cout << "Theater lights dimmed to " << level << "%\n"; }
    void on() { std::cout << "Theater lights on\n"; }
};

// 外观类：家庭影院
class HomeTheaterFacade {
private:
    Amplifier amp;
    DvdPlayer dvd;
    Projector projector;
    TheaterLights lights;

public:
    void watchMovie(const std::string& movie) {
        std::cout << "Get ready to watch a movie...\n";
        lights.dim(10);
        amp.on();
        amp.setVolume(5);
        projector.on();
        projector.wideScreenMode();
        dvd.on();
        dvd.play(movie);
    }

    void endMovie() {
        std::cout << "Shutting movie theater down...\n";
        lights.on();
        amp.off();
        dvd.stop();
        dvd.off();
        projector.off();
    }
};

// 客户端代码
int main() {
    HomeTheaterFacade theater;
    theater.watchMovie("The Matrix");
    std::cout << "\nEnjoy the movie...\n\n";
    theater.endMovie();
    return 0;
}

示例3：编译器子系统

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>

// 子系统类：扫描器
class Scanner {
public:
    std::vector<std::string> scan(const std::string& source) {
        std::cout << "Scanning source code...\n";
        // 简化的扫描过程
        return {"token1", "token2", "token3"};
    }
};

// 子系统类：解析器
class Parser {
public:
    void parse(const std::vector<std::string>& tokens) {
        std::cout << "Parsing tokens...\n";
        // 简化的解析过程
    }
};

// 子系统类：代码生成器
class CodeGenerator {
public:
    void generateCode() {
        std::cout << "Generating object code...\n";
        // 简化的代码生成过程
    }
};

// 子系统类：优化器
class Optimizer {
public:
    void optimize() {
        std::cout << "Optimizing code...\n";
        // 简化的优化过程
    }
};

// 外观类：编译器
class CompilerFacade {
private:
    Scanner scanner;
    Parser parser;
    CodeGenerator codeGen;
    Optimizer optimizer;

public:
    void compile(const std::string& source) {
        std::cout << "Compilation started\n";
        auto tokens = scanner.scan(source);
        parser.parse(tokens);
        codeGen.generateCode();
        optimizer.optimize();
        std::cout << "Compilation completed successfully\n";
    }
};

// 客户端代码
int main() {
    CompilerFacade compiler;
    compiler.compile("int main() { return 0; }");
    return 0;
}