فيرنر بوتشولز

فيرنر بوتشولز
معلومات شخصية
الميلاد	24 أكتوبر 1922 ; دتمولد
الوفاة	11 يوليو 2019 (96 سنة) ; بكبسي
الإقامة	بكبسي
مواطنة	ألمانيا; الولايات المتحدة
الحياة العملية
المهنة	عالم حاسوب
اللغات	الألمانية
الجوائز
	جائزة الرائد في علم الحاسوب ‏ (1990)
	تعديل مصدري - تعديل

فيرنر بوتشولز (بالإنجليزية: Werner Buchholz؛ بالألمانية: Werner Buchholz) هو عالم حاسوب أمريكي وألماني، ولد في 24 أكتوبر 1922 في دتمولد في ألمانيا.^[2]^[3]^[4]

مراجع

^ ^ا ^ب ^ج https://www.computer.org/profiles/werner-buchholz. {{استشهاد ويب}}: |url= بحاجة لعنوان (مساعدة) والوسيط |title= غير موجود أو فارغ (من ويكي بيانات) (مساعدة)
^ Buchholz، Werner (11 يونيو 1956). "7. The Shift Matrix". The Link System (PDF). آي بي إم. ص. 5–6. Stretch Memo No. 39G. مؤرشف (PDF) من الأصل في 2017-04-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-04-04. […] Most important, from the point of view of editing, will be the ability to handle any characters or digits, from 1 to 6 bits long.
Figure 2 shows the Shift Matrix to be used to convert a 60-bit word, coming from Memory in parallel, into رمز (حوسبة)s, or "بايتs" as we have called them, to be sent to the جامع تسلسلي serially. The 60 bits are dumped into magnetic cores on six different levels. Thus, if a 1 comes out of position 9, it appears in all six cores underneath. Pulsing any diagonal line will send the six bits stored along that line to the Adder. The Adder may accept all or only some of the bits.
Assume that it is desired to operate on 4 bit رقمs, starting at the right. The 0-diagonal is pulsed first, sending out the six bits 0 to 5, of which the Adder accepts only the first four (0-3). Bits 4 and 5 are ignored. Next, the 4 diagonal is pulsed. This sends out bits 4 to 9, of which the last two are again ignored, and so on.
It is just as easy to use all six bits in الأبجدية الرقمية work, or to handle bytes of only one bit for logical analysis, or to offset the bytes by any number of bits. All this can be done by pulling the appropriate shift diagonals. An analogous matrix arrangement is used to change from serial to parallel operation at the output of the adder. […] نسخة محفوظة 4 أبريل 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.
^ Bemer، Robert William (8 أغسطس 2000). "Why is a byte 8 bits? Or is it?". Computer History Vignettes. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-04-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-04-03. […] I came to work for آي بي إم, and saw all the confusion caused by the 64-character limitation. Especially when we started to think about word processing, which would require both upper and lower case. […] I even made a proposal (in view of STRETCH, the very first computer I know of with an 8-bit byte) that would extend the number of بطاقة مثقبة character codes to 256 […]. So some folks started thinking about 7-bit characters, but this was ridiculous. With IBM's STRETCH computer as background, handling 64-character words divisible into groups of 8 (I designed the character set for it, under the guidance of Dr. Werner Buchholz, the man who DID coin the term "بايت" for an 8-bit grouping). […] It seemed reasonable to make a universal 8-bit character set, handling up to 256. In those days my mantra was "powers of 2 are magic". And so the group I headed developed and justified such a proposal […] The IBM 360 used 8-bit characters, although not ASCII directly. Thus Buchholz's "byte" caught on everywhere. I myself did not like the name for many reasons. The design had 8 bits moving around in parallel. But then came a new IBM part, with 9 bits for self-checking, both inside the CPU and in the tape drives. I exposed this 9-bit byte to the press in 1973. But long before that, when I headed software operations for BULL in France in 1965-66, I insisted that "byte" be deprecated in favor of "ثمانية (حوسبة)". […]
^ "Werner Buchholz" (بالألمانية). Detmold, Germany: Gesellschaft für Christlich-Jüdische Zusammenarbeit in Lippe e. V. Archived from the original on 2017-04-03. Retrieved 2017-04-03.

هذه بذرة مقالة عن عالم حاسوب أمريكي بحاجة للتوسيع. فضلًا شارك في تحريرها.

هذه بذرة مقالة عن عالم حاسوب ألماني بحاجة للتوسيع. فضلًا شارك في تحريرها.

[wikidata-d840bc1b473bbe95d1a93133212b40022ff357bc-1] ا ^ب ^ج https://www.computer.org/profiles/werner-buchholz. {{استشهاد ويب}}: |url= بحاجة لعنوان (مساعدة) والوسيط |title= غير موجود أو فارغ (من ويكي بيانات) (مساعدة)

[Buchholz_1956-2] Buchholz، Werner (11 يونيو 1956). "7. The Shift Matrix". The Link System (PDF). آي بي إم. ص. 5–6. Stretch Memo No. 39G. مؤرشف (PDF) من الأصل في 2017-04-04. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2016-04-04. […] Most important, from the point of view of editing, will be the ability to handle any characters or digits, from 1 to 6 bits long.
Figure 2 shows the Shift Matrix to be used to convert a 60-bit word, coming from Memory in parallel, into رمز (حوسبة)s, or "بايتs" as we have called them, to be sent to the جامع تسلسلي serially. The 60 bits are dumped into magnetic cores on six different levels. Thus, if a 1 comes out of position 9, it appears in all six cores underneath. Pulsing any diagonal line will send the six bits stored along that line to the Adder. The Adder may accept all or only some of the bits.
Assume that it is desired to operate on 4 bit رقمs, starting at the right. The 0-diagonal is pulsed first, sending out the six bits 0 to 5, of which the Adder accepts only the first four (0-3). Bits 4 and 5 are ignored. Next, the 4 diagonal is pulsed. This sends out bits 4 to 9, of which the last two are again ignored, and so on.
It is just as easy to use all six bits in الأبجدية الرقمية work, or to handle bytes of only one bit for logical analysis, or to offset the bytes by any number of bits. All this can be done by pulling the appropriate shift diagonals. An analogous matrix arrangement is used to change from serial to parallel operation at the output of the adder. […] نسخة محفوظة 4 أبريل 2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.

[Bemer_2000-3] Bemer، Robert William (8 أغسطس 2000). "Why is a byte 8 bits? Or is it?". Computer History Vignettes. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2017-04-03. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2017-04-03. […] I came to work for آي بي إم, and saw all the confusion caused by the 64-character limitation. Especially when we started to think about word processing, which would require both upper and lower case. […] I even made a proposal (in view of STRETCH, the very first computer I know of with an 8-bit byte) that would extend the number of بطاقة مثقبة character codes to 256 […]. So some folks started thinking about 7-bit characters, but this was ridiculous. With IBM's STRETCH computer as background, handling 64-character words divisible into groups of 8 (I designed the character set for it, under the guidance of Dr. Werner Buchholz, the man who DID coin the term "بايت" for an 8-bit grouping). […] It seemed reasonable to make a universal 8-bit character set, handling up to 256. In those days my mantra was "powers of 2 are magic". And so the group I headed developed and justified such a proposal […] The IBM 360 used 8-bit characters, although not ASCII directly. Thus Buchholz's "byte" caught on everywhere. I myself did not like the name for many reasons. The design had 8 bits moving around in parallel. But then came a new IBM part, with 9 bits for self-checking, both inside the CPU and in the tape drives. I exposed this 9-bit byte to the press in 1973. But long before that, when I headed software operations for BULL in France in 1965-66, I insisted that "byte" be deprecated in favor of "ثمانية (حوسبة)". […]

[Buchholz_bio-4] "Werner Buchholz" (بالألمانية). Detmold, Germany: Gesellschaft für Christlich-Jüdische Zusammenarbeit in Lippe e. V. Archived from the original on 2017-04-03. Retrieved 2017-04-03.

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ضبط استنادي
دولية	المُعرِّف مُتعدِّد الأوجه (FAST) الاسم المعياري الدولي (ISNI) ملف الضبط الاستنادي الافتراضي الدَّولي (VIAF) مركز المكتبة الرقمية على الإنترنت (WC Entities)
وطنية	مكتبة الكونغرس (LCNAF)
بحثية	الفهرس الرَّقميُّ ومشروع المكتبة (DBLP) الباحث الدَّلالي (S2AID)
أخرى	النظام الجامعي للتوثيق (IdRef)