This question is posted on behalf of of a civil servant from the Dutch Ministry of the Interior supporting the research committee on electronic voting.

The Dutch research committee on electronic voting, established by the Dutch minister of the Interior, is investigating whether electronic voting in voting booths can in the future be implemented for Dutch elections. Among other things, the committee wishes to learn which other countries have implemented e-voting or e-counting (not internet voting) for their elections, specifically national elections. The committee has already gathered a lot of information on some countries like Belgium and the US, but is interested to learn about other countries as well, for example Canada, Australia, England, Scotland, and France. 

On behalf of the committee I would like to ask the following questions:

- Which countries currently use electronic voting in voting booths during national elections? Which percentage of the population votes electronically?

- What kind of machine do people use to cast their vote, a DRE, a DRE with a voter verified paper trail, a voting printer and a voting counter, or are paper ballots with a scanner used or a combination of these?

- Is the use of electronic voting still in a testing phase, or has it been implemented widely?

- Are there any recent reports or evaluations publicly available regarding this issue?

Thank you very much for any information you can provide.

Summary of Responses

PN members weighed in on many aspects of implementing electronic voting. Responses are grouped according to the questions below.

Which countries currently use electronic voting in voting booths during national elections? Which percentage of the population votes electronically?

Members listed the following countries where election commissions have implemented electronic voting:

• Brazil

• Venezuela

• Paraguay

• Belgium

• The United States of America

• Spain

• Canada

• Switzerland

• Bhutan

• Germany

• India

• The Netherlands

• Panama
• Nigeria

Additionally, one PN member provided the following statistics on the global use of electronic voting. They are as follows:

• 31 countries around the world use or have used EVMs for binding political elections

• 4 use e-voting nationwide – India, Brazil, Bhutan and Venezuela

• 11 use in some parts of country

• 5 have pilots ongoing

• 8 piloted and did no continue

• 3 used for a number of elections and then discontinued – Germany, Netherlands and Paraguay

Another member from Bangladesh noted that the country’s election commission produced its own electronic voting machine, piloted in several stages, which proved to be very successful. However, the same member noted that electronic voting in Bangladesh is yet to be implemented nationally, in spite of successful pilots.

What kind of machine do people use to cast their vote, a DRE, a DRE with a voter verified paper trail, a voting printer and a voting counter, or are paper ballots with a scanner used or a combination of these?

Most members agreed that the Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) is becoming the standard for reliability in electronic voting, especially for polling station based electronic voting.

A member from the Election Commission of India (ECI) noted that the country used VVPAT (Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail) in nearly 800,000 polling stations in 2014 across India, with relative ease. The same member noted that the machine minimized invalid votes and was accessible to illiterate voters through buttons with symbols rather than stamping/marking.

In 2017, however, there was criticism against the EVMs. Various opposition political parties alleged EVM tampering after state assembly elections. The Election Commission reiterated that the electronic machines were not tampered. Following a complaint by a political party, the Supreme Court asked the commission to comply with its 2013 directive to allow paper trails in EVMs. The 2019 General Elections, as a result, will see EVMs with VVPAT installed in all polling stations. The central government has issued funds to buy 1,400,000 of VVPATs.  

In 2014, Namibia became the first African country to use EVMs in any election. The presidential election was also the first democratic election the country held in 25 years. However, the use of EVMs was met with controversy before and after the election. Opposition parties filed a last hour appeal at the high court saying that Indian-manufactured machines were without paper trays, demonstrating that they could not be trusted. During elections, there were also technical difficulties that slowed down the voting process. Recommendation to make the procedures simple was floated after the election.  

Is the use of electronic voting still in a testing phase, or has it been implemented widely?

One member argued that electronic voting is not in its testing phase as several countries have used the technology for 10-15 years. However, the same member noted that every country’s electoral requirements are different, and systems have to be tailored to these differences.

Moreover, another member added that pilots are being conducted in Mexico and Peru, and specific tests to electronic voting systems’ functionality have been conducted in Argentina and Ecuador.

Are there any recent reports or evaluations publicly available regarding this issue?

Two members shared publications on electronic voting by the International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES). One member shared a publication by Michael Yard entitled, Direct Democracy: Progress and Pitfalls of Election Technology (2010), and another member shared an evaluation of electronic voting in Norway entitled International Experience with E-Voting (2012). Furthermore, this member also suggested looking at the IFES-NDI manual Implementing and Overseeing Electronic Voting and Counting Technologies to better understand questions of implementation.

One member from Switzerland shared a link to several assessments of the internet voting project in Geneva.

Finally, it is worth noting that one member clarified that Kenya did not use electronic voting in its 2013 general elections. As the member rightfully noted, this is a misconception, often confused with the country’s implementation of two other technologies in that election: Electronic Voter Identification Devices (EVID) and the Results Transmission System (RTS).

For a map of countries that implement electronic voting, refer to the ACE Project's Comparative Data section on how electors cast their votes.

External  Resources

Direct Democracy: Progress and Pitfalls of Election Technology (IFES)

International Experience with E-Voting (IFES)

Implementing and Overseeing Electronic Voting and Counting Technologies (IFES)

E-Voting: Rapports (Republique et Canton de Geneve)

Les systemes de vote electronique (Confederation suisse)

Speed, Efficiency and Compliance: An Evaluation of E-Voting in Norway (IFES)

E-Voting Experiences: A case of Namibia and Estonia (2017)

Electronic Voting and the 2014 General Namibian Elections (2014) (EISA)

In 2019, it will be all VVPAT, says polls panel

SWAPO ahead in Namibia election count after Africa's first electronic poll, 2014, (DW)

PN Contributors

Francisco Barrera

Ronan McDermott

Tatiana Monnney

Dr. Noor Mohammad

Abdul Alim

Giovanni Buttigieg

Staffan Darnolf

Ben Goldsmith

Denise Nzisabira

Lori Annette McKinnon

Enrique Lopez Sanavia

Elizabeth Atencio

Michel Chevallier

Jesus Castellanos Antonio Vasquez

Yo le puedo aportar mi conocimiento, en los temas de funcionalidad de maquinas de votación para elecciones reales en Brasil, Venezuela, Paraguay, Bélgica, EEUU en algunos estados, España parcialmente, Canadá parcialmente,   también sobre pruebas NO vinculantes para el proceso (pruebas pilotos), en México, Perú, Colombia y hay gran cantidad de países que están realizando pruebas para determinar la utilidad y funcionalidad del voto electrónico a vía de ejemplo, Argentina, Ecuador y otro más en Centro América.

Se han implementado sistemas denominados “RED” (Registro Electrónico Directo) o “DRE” (Direct Recording Electronic) en la terminología anglosajona, en el que, en lugar de una papeleta, se dispone de una pantalla sensitiva o teclado para la emisión del sufragio; el sistema implantado en los países antes mencionados, es también de esta naturaleza.

En otros países, por el contrario, se configuró inicialmente un sistema de los llamados “LOV” (Lectura Óptica del Voto), que no prescinde de la papeleta y que consiste en una urna con lector óptico o escáner que reconoce una papeleta diseñada con propósito especifico y que se introduce manualmente en la urna

El derecho de participación política debe tener carácter universal, lo que obliga al Legislador a prescindir de cualquier circunstancia -personal, social, cultural, económica o política- cuando delimita la condición de titular del sufragio.

Por tanto se debe reglamentar y normar la tecnología, el procedimiento, la capacitación y las restricciones que debe tener el proceso, a vía de ejemplo, la cantidad de votantes por cada máquina, los límites de edad de los votantes, la identificación del votante que indudablemente ya debe estar incluido en un registro de votantes en almacenamiento diferente al de las maquinas de votación, el entrenamiento de los testigos de partidos y jueces de mesas y votantes etc.

De las pruebas y experiencias, puede encontrar documentación en cada Organización  Electoral local, o en organizaciones que han realizado experiencias de veedores de los proceso ONU, OEA, etc

I offer you the IFES publication "Direct Democracy: Progress and Pitfalls of Election Technology" It's available http://www.ifes.org/Content/Publications/Books/2010/Direct-Democracy-Progress-and-Pitfalls-of-Election-Technology.aspx

Swiss authorities have piloted internet voting in several cities and cantons. They have also exchanged with other countries on the matter. I would therefore recommand you get in touch directly with the EMB- the Federal Chancellery.

http://www.bk.admin.ch/themen/pore/evoting/06579/index.html?lang=fr

Also the OSCE has reviewed several experiences with e-voting:

http://www.osce.org/odihr/77557 - Estonia

 http://www.osce.org/odihr/88577 - Norway
http://www.osce.org/odihr/87417 - Swiss

I think the Indian EVM is a good example.  It is an extension of the ballot paper; a number of calculators in parallel which can add only and that too add only 1. There was no paper trail but now the new version of machine being tested has VVPT. The machine is being used in nearly 800,000 polling stations across the country and is very easy to operate.  Even illiterate voters find it easy to use is because in stead of stamping/ marking, they have to press the button near the symbol of their choice. And no invalid votes and easy to count.

Please see the picture of the EVM on the bottom of the home page

www.eci.nic.in

Although Bangladesh has not used EVM in any national elections, the country has used EVM in many local body elections. With the support from Bangladesh Engineering University, BEC produced its own EVM which was first piloted in only one Ward (for about 2% voters) in a city corporation election in 2010. Later, in 2011, it piloted widely in another city corporation election for about 30% voters. In early 2011, BEC used EVM in another two city corporation election for 100% voters in late 2011 and early 2012 as piloting was found very successful. Some NGOs in Bangladesh conducted study on the use of EVM and found very positive feedback from the voters. After successful use of EVM in city elections, BEC initiated a separate project to use EVM in the national election. But as the Commission (who initiated this) left the office after completing their tenure, the new Commission has stopped all these initiatives.

I was an international electoral observer in Venezuela and Peru wehre they use electronic voting.  I recommend a course on eelctronic voting 'Securing Digital Democracy' by J Alex Haldermanon on Coursera.

Good Morning,

Please find a link to three IFES' research pieces that could be of good use.

http://www.ifes.org/Content/Publications/News-in-Brief/2012/June/Speed-Efficiency-and-Compliance-an-Evaluation-of-E-Voting-in-Norway.aspx
 

I would recommend looking at IFES' recent overview of international experience with electronic voting , which was conducted for the Norwegian Ministry of Local Government and Rural Affairs - http://www.ifes.org/Content/Publications/News-in-Brief/2012/June/~/media/B7FB434187E943C18F4D4992A4EF75DA.pdf . This is primarily about internet voting experiences, but has an overview of polling station based electronic voting in the final chapter, and data sheets on six examples of electronic voting in the appendices.

There is another IFES/NDI product coming out shortly (in September 2013) which may also be of interest. This is a Manual on the implementation of electronic voting which contains many examples from around the world and an updated overview of global electronic voting use (although there have not been too many changes since the data published in the Norway report.

I would say that very few countries use the Belgian system of using the electronic voting machine to produce a token which is then counted separately. This is not to say that there is anything wrong with this system, merely that it is not the standard approach. Most systems use a DRE approach, with the voting machine itself recording the vote choices and tallying the results at the end of polling.

On the issue of voter verified paper audit trails (VVPAT), I believe that the verifiability of electronic voting systems is becoming a standard for these systems. Using VVPAT is probably the easiest approach with polling station based electronic voting. This does not mean that all electronic voting systems based in polling stations have VVPAT, or an alternative, as some of them were developed before this standard began to emerge. As Noor Mohammad mentions above, a VVPAT is being trialled for the Indian system at the moment. There have also been moves to introduce VVPAT into the Brazilian system. The Venezuelan electronic voting machines does produce a paper audit trail, as do many of the voting machines in the US (but not all).

Mention is also made in the question of electronic counting of paper ballots, and I would classify this as a distinct and different technology from electronic voting machines. I have not been able to find any statistics on the global use of this technology. I know that it is used in the US, Norway, the UK and Philippines, so if you want to know more you could look at these examples, but I am sure it is also used in many other countries too.

As to whether electornic voting is still in the testing phase. I dont think that it would be considered to be in the testing phase. Some countries have been using it for 10-15 years now. However, the scrutiny that electronic voting systems are been put under has increased significantly and so these systems and other commercial packages are adapting all the time in order to better meet electoral requirements. Also, each country's electoral requirements are slightly different, so it is difficult to find off-the-shelf systems that meet different circumstances. This means that often systems have to be tailored to specific electoral requirements, and any change to a system needs to be fully tested before use.

In terms of global usage of polling station electronic voting, the most recent data can be summarised as follows:

• Recent research identified 31 countries around the world that use or have used EVMs at some point for binding political elections
  
• 4 use e-voting nationwide – India, Brazil, Bhutan and Venezuela
• 11 use in some parts of country
• 5 have pilots ongoing
• 8 piloted and did no continue
• 3 used for a number of elections and then discontinued – Germany, Netherlands and Paraguay

I would not say that this indicates a wide use of electronic voting, but there are some large democracies that use electronic voting for all of their voters (India and Brazil) so there are certainly many millions of voters around the world that use electronic voting.

Concernant cette question, je n'en dirais pas plus étant donné que dans notre pays, le BURUNDI, on n'a pas encore atteint cette technologie de voter électroniquement. Par ailleurs, je n'ai pas encore eu cette chance d'être Observateur International pour voir dans les pays où cette technologie est appliquée comment elle se déroule et quels sont les enjeux y relatifs. Mais à entendre de loin dans les formations reçues à propos des systèmes de vote dans les différents pays du monde, ce système de vote électronique serait le meilleure, le plus rapide et le plus rassurant et réduirait au maximum les fraudes électorales sauf peut-être qu'il est trop couteux. Peut-être qu'un jour une chance me sera offerte d'être Observateur International dans un pays où ce système est d'application. Je vous remercie.

Kenya recently used e-voting in the last presidential elections, it didn't go well in most of the constituencies. It failed at the first minutes and the vote operations took much time because some constintuencies have taken more time than others.I can't say the percentage of people who voted electronically because I haven't yet read the report.

India, Venezuella, Brazil and most of Western countries are using e-voting.

People use a DRE machin .

The electronic voting is widely implemented.

The report on Kenya general elections.

I have to respond to Denise's contribution of September 2nd 2013. Kenya has not, ever, implemented electronic voting. Two technologies were used for the elections (not just presidential but six different elections) on March 4th 2013.

First, EVID - Electronic Voter Identification Devices were used to augment the paper voter lists. Voters first offered their fingerprint at the EVID and, if found, were checked-in by the operator. If the fingerprint was not identified, the voter's National ID or Passport number could be used in the EVID to search for the Voter. Domestic observers ELOG reported that 92% of polling stations had working EVID at noon. Because of late deployment of EVID, many of the supplied batteries were not fully charged and, by mid-afternoon, a majority of EVID were exhausted. Voters continued to vote but using only the paper voter lists (that contained their photograph too). 

The second piece of technology used at the polling stations for the March 4th 2013 elections in Kenya was RTS or Results Transmission System. In addition to the paper forms used for official results transmission, Presiding Officers were required to use a mobile phone handset running an application that allowed them to connect and log into servers and transmit the provisional results electronically. This system, too, had its problems (a combination of deployment, configuration and back-end server issues), but did capture almost 45% of presidential results with a very high degree of accuracy. All results announced at constituency, county and national tally centres were tallied using the official forms sent from polling stations and consolidated at the appropriate level.

I fully understand that less than clear communications from the Elections Management Body and poorly-informed media, may have contributed contribute to the misconception that Kenya was using electronic voting in March 2013 - I hope that my posting above will clear up any misunderstanding.

Finally, I am writing this posting as the Kenya Defence Forces are almost finished retaking the Westgate Shopping Centre in Nairobi. Sincere condolences to the people of Kenya at this time of great sorrow for them.

I am going to respond direct to the questions asked.  Hope that is fine.

Which countries currently use electronic voting in voting booths during national elections? Which percentage of the population votes electronically?

Some municipal units in Canada (primarily Ontario and Nova Scotia) use e-voting (internet) in various forms. Other electoral bodies in Canada use scanners/tabulators. Our experience is that approximately 65-75% of electors who cast a ballot do so electronically.

- What kind of machine do people use to cast their vote, a DRE, a DRE with a voter verified paper trail, a voting printer and a voting counter, or are paper ballots with a scanner used or a combination of these?

The Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM) has used DRE (secured PC’s/Laptops) as an additional channel to in-person paper ballots and telephone voting. Electors (with correct credentials) have also been able to vote electronically from any computer during the pre-defined electronic voting window.

- Is the use of electronic voting still in a testing phase, or has it been implemented widely?

E-Voting has been used in 2008, 2009 and 2012 for the Municipal and School Board elections in the Halifax Regional Municipality.

- Are there any recent reports or evaluations publicly available regarding this issue?

All information with regard to HRM Elections is available on our election website for the public to view.

We conducted a week long training programme on electoral technologies for the Commonwealth countries in which 23 countries participated. It was widely appreciated by the participants in their evaluation. Please see the following which may be helpful to answer the question:

La ciencia y la tecnología proporciona ayuda enorme, pero nos está rebasando y de la cual no podemos sustraernos. Las cuestiones electrónicas innovadoras se implementan en todos los ámbitos, no solo mercado en línea, sino procedimientos jurídicos, administrativos y políticos de todo nivel, que procuran incorporarse a las máquinas automáticas y a  los sistemas cibernéticos.

Por esa circunstancia es menester colocarse a la altura técnico-científica, con el objeto de poder ingresar y establecernos en el mundo cibernético. La ciberelección, la cibervotación, la ciber administración electoral, la ciber justicia electoral son plataforma que nos constriñe a visualizar ese futuro político-social. Todo esto no es etapa probatoria, sino una realidad que se nos viene encima y que hay que estar implementando día a día.

De la misma forma, si la transparencia de los actos públicos exige evaluaciones constantes de la ciudadanía y de la población de las sociedades organizadas,  que es indispensable educar no solo en la urna electrónica, en el voto electrónico sino en los efectos colaterales de las técnicas informáticas que vivimos, luego las autoridades encargadas de la organización eleccionaria deben levantar encuestas y sondeos de opinión para conocer hasta que grado se mejora la aceptabilidad de estas operaciones cibernéticas y hasta que nivel se encuentra la cultura política en estos temas ultramodernos donde las redes se desarrollarán, innovándolos enfoques que  sean permitidos y enmarcados en la Ley, con el propósito de elevar el nivel de participación en estas maquinas automatizadas, porque de lo contrario ante la resistencia habrá un bajo porcentaje de votos.

Ahora bien, revisando  las actividades políticas de los pueblos que han incursionado en el uso de las maquinas para emitir el voto,  existen varios tipos: las más conocidas son aquellas con pantallas sensibles al tacto y las que escanean ópticamente las boletas de voto en papel. Se dice que las primeras son más precisas. De la misma forma, existen las máquinas mecánicas alimentadas con tarjetas electrónicas o las que funcionan con tarjetas perforadas, las cuales paulatinamente quedarán superadas conforme avanza la tecnología y las innovaciones electrónicas.

En otros países como en México, bajo el argumento de que “la integración de las tecnologías a la votación es un futuro que es inminente, se quiera o no se quiera”, inician la cruzada de estar conectados e impulsar la era del uso de urnas electrónicas. En los  estados del Distrito Federal y Coahuila, este hecho arrojó resultados positivos, sin embargo se requiere implementar la cultura política para involucrarse en estos medios electrónicos que coadyuvan en los procesos electorales, siendo factible su modernización al incluirse posteriormente con la  firma electrónica o la utilización de una tarjeta inteligente, que incremente la certeza y confiabilidad, cuyas características apunten a la accesibilidad, celeridad, auditable, anonimato, confiabilidad, neutralidad, unicidad y economía. Y aunque no siempre lo nuevo es lo mejor, un aparato rectal digital, con impresora inserta, con contador de votación o con escáner, amerita tener una vida útil y rentable, que no tenga un gran  peso, que prevea los acontecimientos de cortes de energía eléctrica y cuente con batería resistente, que no sea cara y que disminuya el uso de papel, garantizando la credibilidad ciudadana. 

En Panamá participé hace dos años en el voto electrónico que se implementó en la escogencia de delegados comarcales. Me pareciò muy interesante y las personas que acudieron a votar no tuvieron problema porque se  les instruyò anteriormente y no hubo ningùn problema.

Ahora creo que lo van a utilizar en una provincia para las elecciones generales de mayo del 2014.

Hi, just to let you know that under http://www.ge.ch/evoting/rapports.asp you find a series of documents (some in English, some only in French) on the internet voting project in Geneva.

An here http://www.bk.admin.ch/themen/pore/evoting/index.html?lang=fr you find the feredarl reports, in French, German and Italian.

1.- En Venezuela el voto automatizado es un mandato de Ley (Art. 121 Ley Orgánica de Procesos Electorales. 2009).  Desde el año 2004 se han venido utilizando sistemas automatizados de votación, celebrándose hasta la fecha las siguientes elecciones o consultas referendarias:

Referendo revocatorio Presidencial 2004 (a) (Nacional)

Elecciones Regionales 2004 (b)

Elecciones Municipales 2005 (a)

Elecciones Parlamentarias 2005 (b)

Elección Presidencial 2006

Referendos revocatorios 2007

Referendo de la Reforma Constitucional 2007 (Nacional)

Elecciones Regionales 2008

Referendo de la Reforma 2009 (Nacional)

Elección Parlamentaria 2010

Elección Presidencial 2012 (a) (Nacional)

Elecciones Regionales 2012 (b)

Elección  Presidencial 2013 (Nacional)

Elecciones Municipales (a celebrarse el 08.12.2013)

• Vale decir que existe en Venezuela una administración electoral centralizada, Consejo Nacional Electoral, responsable de la instrumentación del voto electrónico a nivel nacional, por tanto, todas las elecciones o consultas, independientemente del ámbito (nacional, regional o local)  abarcan la totalidad del territorio.
  

• El sistema de votación automatizado utilizado ha sido el de Registro Electrónico Directo (VVPAT, siglas en inglés). En el referendo revocatorio presidencial  (2004 a) se adoptó  un sistema de votación de pantalla táctil directamente en la máquina de votación y posterior a ello,(2004 b .- ...) se instrumentó un sistema con boletas electorales electrónicas, en la cual el elector debe expresar sus preferencias en las citadas membranas y ratificarlas en la máquina de votación.

• El sistema de votación automatizado que incluye el acto de escrutinio envía, a través de diferentes vías (redes inalámbricas, alámbricas y antena satelital), los resultados de cada Mesa Electoral a un Centro Nacional de Totalización.
• Dicho sistema de votación genera, además de las Actas de Escrutinio, un comprobante con las selecciones escogidas por cada elector una vez concluido su ejercicio del sufragio (traza del papel), lo cual le permite a éste verificar sus escogencias, debiéndola posteriormente introducirla en una caja definida a tales efectos denominada "Caja de Resguardo de Comprobantes de Votación". Tales comprobantes permiten la auditoria ex post denominada Verificación Ciudadana, la cual consiste en la comparación de la votación reflejada en dichos comprobantes con los resultados reflejados en las Actas de Escrutinio. (La verificación ciudadana, instaurada a partir del 2006, se practica a la fecha en un porcentaje superior al 50% de las Mesas Electorales, para la elección de cargos nominales)
  

• A partir de 2012, el sistema de votación incluyó en el mismo acto de votación un mecanismo de identificación biométrico denominado SAI (Sistema de Autenticación Integral). (Desde el 2005 hasta el 2010 se utilizó un sistema de identificación biométrico denominado de Captahuellas ubicado en una fase previa a la emisión del voto)

2.- El Número de Mesas automatizadas en las últimas elecciones fue:

Elección Presidencial 2012: 39.018  (99%) (Se excluyen 304 correspondientes a Mesas manuales de Representaciones diplomáticas o consulares. Voto en el exterior) (Total de Mesas 39.322)

Elecciones Regionales 2012: 36.220 (100%)

Elección Presidencial 2013: 39.018  (99%) (Se excluyen 301 correspondientes a Mesas manuales de Representaciones diplomáticas o consulares. Voto en el exterior) (Total de Mesas 39.319)

Recomiendo las siguientes lecturas sobre voto electrónico en español

http://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx/libros/libro.htm?l=3191

http://www.web.onpe.gob.pe/modEscaparate/downloads/DT-31.pdf

Y sobre el sistema de votación venezolano

http://www.cne.gov.ve/web/normativa_electoral/elecciones/2013/municipales/documentos/Manual_Miembro_Mesa.pdf

(*) Venezuela utilizó progresivamente un sistema de escrutinio automatizado entre los años 1992-1998, de tipo Reconocimiento Óptico de Marcas (OMR, siglas en inglés), es decir, lectoras ópticas y boletas electorales manuales. (Sistemas de votación y conteo de lector óptico (PCOS, por sus siglas en inglés)