DEMOGRAPHY

Jameela Ajmal
Bsn Generic 4th year
 OBJECTIVES
By the end of the unit learners will be able to;
 1:Discuss international health problems

including demographic health and

epidemiological transition.
 2:Discuss the difference developed and

developing countries population pyramid and

double burden of disease

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 CONTENTS:

 Define demography.
 Describe population studies and

demography.
 Explain demographic process.

 Outline the stages of demographic cycle.

 Explain population pyramid and its types.

 Discuss demographic trends.

 Define fertility/natality.

 Explain fertility related statistics.

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 DEMOGRAPHY

Demo-from Ancient Greek word

demos, means "the people" and-
graphy from grapho , implies writing,
description or measurement
Demography is the statistical study
of populations, and changes occurring
with in populations over time over time
or space.
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DEMOGRAPHY

Demography is the study of human

populations concerning their size,
distribution, structure and changes within
them.
 Size: the number of persons in the

population at a given time.

 Distribution: the arrangement of the

population in space at a given time

 Structure: the distribution of the

population among its gender and age

groupings 5
 Changes: occur due to the growth or

decline of the total population, resulting

POPULATION STUDIES
Population studies are concerned not only with
demographic variables (births, deaths,
migration) but also with relationship between
population changes and other variables-
 Social

 Economic

 Political

 Biological

 Genetic

 Geographical

 Environmental
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 Health
POPULATION STUDIES
 In general Population Studies: take into
account the effects of social, economic and
health factors on population growth and
vice versa.
 In broader sense population studies: is

concerned with other characteristics of

human beings such as :
o Ethnicity (race, mother tongue)

o Social characteristics (marital status,

literacy, educational attainment, women’s

status)
o Economic characteristics (employment 7

status, occupation, income).

DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES

It deals with five demographic

processes:
1. Fertility

2. Mortality

3. Marriage

4. Migration

5. Social mobility
 These five processes are at work within a

population determining size, composition

and distribution 8
DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
 The history of world population since 1960
suggests that there is a demographic cycle
of 5 stages through which a nation passes:

a) First stage ( High stationary )

b) Second Stage ( Early expanding )
c) Third stage ( Late expanding )
d) Fourth stage ( Low stationary )
e) Fifth stage ( Declining )
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STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
 First stage: (High stationary)
This stage ischaracterized by a high birth
rate and a high death rate, which cancel
each other and the population remains
stationary
 .Second Stage: (Early expanding)

The death begins to decline while the birth

rate remains unchanged.
 Third stage: (Late expanding)

The death rate declines still further and the

birth rate tends to fall. The population 10
continues to grow because births exceeds
deaths.
STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC
CYCLE

 Fourth stage(Low stationary) There is

low birth and low death rate with the result
that the population becomes stationary.
 Fifth stage (Declining) The population
begins to decline because birth rate is lower
than death rate.

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DEMOGRAPHIC

TRENDS

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AGE-SEX COMPOSITION

Refers to the proportion of males and females

in different age groups.
 This composition has a direct bearing on

social, economic and health needs of

communities or countries.
 In “old” population the society has to

arrange for the care of elderly, and the

health system of the country should be
organized accordingly.
 In a “young” population the country has to

provide more schools, immunization, and 13

economic support of young.

 POPULATION PYRAMID

Population Pyramid: A pictorial

presentation of the age sex composition of a
population.
 Several factors can be ascertained by a

glance at the chart :

o The population is old or young

o What is the dependency ratio

o At what rate the population is increasing
o Was there a recent change in fertility or
mortality of this population. 14
POPULATION PYRAMID

 The age pyramid of Pakistan is typical of

developing countries, with a broad base
and a tapering top.
 In the developed countries like

Switzerland the pyramid generally shows

the bulge in the middle and has a narrow
base.

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POPULATION PYRAMID

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POPULATION PYRAMID
PAKISTAN

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HOW TO READ A POPULATION
PYRAMID

 Read the title e.g. country or city or racial

group
 Comment on general shape of the pyramid

 Note the proportion of people in various age

groups
 Note the sex ratioInterpret the data

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TYPES OF POPULATION PYRAMID

[Link]-shaped
2. Beehive-shaped Pyramid
3. Rectangular-shaped Pyramid
 Shape of pyramids is controlled by

⚫ births,deaths, &
⚫ migrations.

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BROAD BASED PYRAMID
Title: India, 2000
Shape: Broad Base_high birth rate
narrow top_ high death rate
Proportion: - Large proportion of young
- high young dependency ratio
Sex Ratio: Balance pyramid - Balance sexratio

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BEHIVE SHAPED PYRAMID
 Title: Singapore, 2000
 Shape: Rocket-shaped / Narrow Base Low

Birth Rates, Slow pop growth

 Proportion: Large proportion of working

population, 15-59 yr old - large group of

economically active pop
 Sex Ratio: Balanced pyramid

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RECTANGULAR SHAPED PYRAMID
 Title: Netherlands, 2000
 Shape: Rectangular-shaped - Zero Pop

Growth Narrow Base - Low Birth Rates - Life-

expectancy is high e.g. 80+ - Low death
rates
 Proportion: Bars of equal length - Balance

Proportion
 Sex Ratio: Balance pyramid - Balance Sex

Ratio

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 POPULATION PYRAMID
DEVELOPED VS DEVELOPING

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SEX RATIO

Sex Ratio:
The ratio of males to females in the population.
 In any study of population, analysis of sex

composition plays a vital role.

 It is affected by:

o the differentials in mortality conditions of males

and females
o sex selective migration and

o sex ratio at birth.

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DEPENDENCY RATIO
The proportion of persons above 65 years of
age and children below 15 years of age are
considered to be dependent on the
economically productive age group (15-64
years)
 Total dependency Ratio: The ratio of

combined age group 0-14 years plus 65

years and above to the 15-65 years age
group is referred to as the total dependency
ratio. It is also referred to as,
 Societal dependency ratio: . This can be

sub divided into:

o Young age dependency ratio: (0-14 25

years)
DENSITY OF POPULATION

It is one of the important indices of

population concentration.
 It is defined as “the number of persons,

living per square kilometers”.

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FAMILY SIZE
 Commonly family size means: the total
number of persons in a family.
 In demography family size means : the

total number of children a women has borne

at a point in time.
 The completed family size indicates:

the total number of children borne by a

women during her child bearing age group
which is generally assumed to be between
15 and 45 years.

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URBANIZATION
 Growing Urbanization is a recent
phenomenon in the developing countries.
 The increase in urban population has been

attributed both to natural growth (through

births) and migration through villages
 Because of:

o Employment opportunities

o Attraction for better living conditions

o Availability of social services such as

education, health, transport, entertainment

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 Net- Migration: The total number of
persons added or subtracted from a
population as a result of the combined
effect of immigration and emigration (In-
migration- out-migration)

 Population Growth Rate: The rate at

which a given population is expected to
increase in a given period of time. It is
shown in percentage per year.
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 LITERACY AND EDUCATION

 The benefits of having a literate population

are multidimensional.
 Spread of literacy is associated with

modernization, urbanization,
industrialization, communication and.
 A person is deemed as literate: If he or

she can read and write with understanding

in any language. A person who can merely
read but cannot write is not considered as
literate.
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LIFE EXPECTANCY

 Life expectancy or expectation of life:

at a given age is the average number of
years which a person of that age may
expect to live, according to the mortality
pattern prevalent to that country.

 This is considered as one of the best

indicators of a country's level of the overall
health status of its population.
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FERTILITY
Fertility / Natality: The actual bearing of
children.
 Woman’s reproductive age: 15-45 years

of age
( period of 30 years).

 The higher fertility is attributed to

several factors: Universality of marriage,
lower age of marriage, low level of literacy,
poor level of living, limited use of
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contraceptives and traditional way of life.
DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY
 Age at marriage
 Duration of marriage

 Spacing of children

 Education

 Economic status

 Religion

 Nutrition

 Family planning

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FERTILITY- RELATED STATISTICS
Fertility may be measured by a number
of indicators given below:
1. Birth Rate

2. General Fertility Rate

3. General Marital Fertility Rate

4. Age Specific Fertility Rate

5. Age Specific Marital Fertility Rate

6. Total Fertility Rate

7. Total Marital Fertility Rate

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 FERTILITY- RELATED STATISTICS
9. Gross Reproduction Rate
10. Net Reproduction Rate
11. Child-Woman Ratio
12. Pregnancy Rate
13. Abortion Rate
14. Abortion Ratio
15. Marriage Rate

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 REFERENCES:
 Community health nursing by Naveed Alam
 [Link]

 [Link]

 [Link]

 [Link]

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THANKS

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