STATISTICS
Statistics
• Is a scientific body of
knowledge that deals with:
collection ,
organization ,presentation ,
analysis and interpretation
of the gathered of data.
Descriptive Statistics:
•Deals with the collection , presentation of
data and summarizing values that
describe the groups characteristics.
•Inferential Statistics:
• Deals with the predictions and inferences
based on the analysis and interpretation of the
results of the information gathered.
Definitions
• Population. It is the total collection of
all the elements (people, events,
objects, measurements, and so on)
one wishes to investigate.
• Sample. Subgroup obtained from a
population.
• Parameter. A numerical value that
describes a characteristic of a
population.
Definitions
• Statistic. It is a numerical value that describes a particular
sample.
• Data. This are facts, or a set of information gathered or under
study.
• Qualitative Data are attributes which cannot be subjected to
meaningful arithmetic.
Ex: gender, religion, civil status, course, year level.
• Quantitative Data are numerical in nature and therefore
meaningful arithmetic can be done.
Ex: age, height, pulse rate, number of children and speed.
Definitions
•Discrete Data assume exact values only and can be
obtained by counting
•Ex: number of students, number of males, number of
teachers
•Continuous Data assume infinite values within a
specified interval and can be obtained by measurement.
Ex: height, weight, temperature, distance
Definitions
• Variable is a characteristic or
property of a population or sample
which makes the members different
from each other.
> Dependent. A variable which is
affected by another variable.
> Independent. A variable which affects
the dependent variable.
Levels of
•Measurements
1. Nominal scale is a measurement
scale classifies elements into two or
more categories.
Ex: race, religion, gender
• 2. Ordinal scale is a scale that ranks
individuals in terms of the degree.
Ex. E, VG, G , F, P
• 3. Interval Scale: is a scale ordering
from highest to the lowest.
Ex: temperature
• 4. Ratio scale: is a scale has an
absolute zero in the scale.
Ex. Height, weight, speed,
COLLECTION OF DATA:
Methods of collecting data:
[Link] method
1.1 direct 1.2 indirect
2. Questionnaire method
3. Observation method
4. Test method 5. Registration Method
6. Mechanical devices
Determining the
Sample
Slovin’s Size
Formula:
n= N___ n is the sample size
N is the population size
1 + Ne2
e is the margin of error
The margin of error is a value which
quantifies possible sampling errors.
Sampling Techniques
1. Random sampling
1.1 lottery method
2. Systematic sampling
2.1 stratified random sampling
2.2 cluster sampling
3. Purposive sampling
4. Quota sampling 5. convenience sampling
Sampling Techniques
Sampling is the process of selecting
samples from a given population.
Sampling Techniques
Organization &
Presentation of
Data:Form: Data are presented in
[Link]
paragraph or in sentences.
[Link] Form: A more effective
device of presenting data.
Organization &
Presentation of Data
[Link]/Pictorial Form: A most effective
device of presenting data.
1. line graph
2. bar graph (histogram)
3. pie chart( circle graph)
4. pictograph
5. statistical maps
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS
Is a device for organizing and presenting grouped
data.
Steps:
1. Find the range
2. compute the number of intervals:
n=1+ 3.3 log N
3. compute the class size
I=R/n
4. Set up the class intervals
5. set up the class limits
6. tally 7. set up the frequencies 8. class
marks
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY ( CF)
- CF< AND CF >
RELATIVE FREQUENCIES
Is also known as percentage frequency.
Formula:
RF = f / N x 100%
Measures of Central Tendency
Calculation of:
Mean
Median
Mode
MEAN : The average value of the set of numbers.
Mean: Ungrouped data
Sample Mean = Σ x / N
Where:
X – The value of any particular
Σ x – The sum of all x.
N – total number of values
Population Mean:
µ=Σx/N
µ - population mean
Sample Mean for grouped data:
Mean = Σ fm / N
Where:
f – frequency , m – midpoint/class mark
N – total number of values
Σ fm – sum of all the products of f and x.
Example 1: Calculate the Mean.
MEDIAN:
> is the midpoint of the data array.
Median : ungrouped data
Median ( rank value) = N +1 / 2
Example 1:
The ages are 53, 45, 59, 48 , 54, 46, 51 ,58 and 55.
Find the median.
Median : Grouped data
Median = L md + ( n/2 – cf<) i
fmd
Where:
Lmd – The lower limits of the median class.
Cf< - Cumulative frequency lesser than up to but below the
median class
i - class size
fmd = frequency of the median class
MODE:
> is the value in a data set that appears most
frequently.
Mode: ungrouped data
Example 1:
8,9,10,1010,12,14,16 mode = 10
MODE: grouped data
Mode = L mo + ( Δ1 )i
Δ1 + Δ2
Where:
Lmo – The lower limits of the modal class.
i - class size
Δ1 = The difference between the frequency of modal class &
above it.
Δ2 = the difference between the frequency of the modal class
& below it.
FRACTILES:
Are measures of location or position which
include not only central location but also any
position based on the number of equal divisions
in a given distribution.
1. Quartiles
2. deciles
Percentiles
Ungrouped data: Arrange the data from lowest
to highest.
data #
10 1
12 2
14 3
18 4
20 5
Ungrouped data:
Quartiles;
Q : Q1, Q2 , Q3
Deciles:
D1,D2,D3,D4,D5,D6,D7,D8,D9
Percentiles:
P10, P20,P30,P40,P50, P60,P70,P80,P90
Grouped Data:
Quartiles:
Qk = L Qk + ( kN - < CF )i
f Qk
Deciles:
Dk = L Dk + ( kN - < CF ) i
f Dk
Percentiles:
Pk = L Pk + ( kN - < CF ) i
f Pk
Example 1: Find Q, D, P
Class interval frequency
22 – 24 10
19 -21 18
16-18 20
13-15 25
10-12 15
7-9 12
