IS component:
Telecommunication
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY…
TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Electronic transmission of data (text,
graphics, sound, video) over one or
more of a variety of communications
channels.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY…
Basic Building Blocks of a
Telecommunications Network.
Computers. Computers originate and
receive the data involved.
Communications channel (link or line).
A communications channel forms the path over
which data travel as they pass from a sending
device to a receiving device in a
telecommunications system.
Communications Equipment: Communications
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
Communication software helps control
the functions of the telecommunications
system.
These functions include:
o Establishing the available paths
between sender and receiver;
o Directing the data along the most
efficient path;
o Making sure the data reach the
right place;
o Checking the data for errors;
o Converting the data, if necessary,
so that they will be able to be
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
Communications Channels
Electromagnetic Radiation
All transmission media use it! All
transmission media make use of some form
of electromagnetic radiation to
communicate information.
Radiation
is emitted in the form of waves or
stream of particles that can be transmitted
through space or a physical medium like a
wire.
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
Types of Transmission Media
Twisted-Pair wire
Oldest and most common form of transmission
media
Example, Telephone wire
Advantages.
o Already-installed telephone lines can be used
to transmit data.
o Low installation and maintenance cost.
Disadvantages
o Relatively slow compared to other transmission
media.
o Susceptible to electrical interference that can
be garble data.
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
Coaxial Cable
Consists of copper wire surrounded by
several layers of insulation.
Example. Cable television.
Advantages
Can transmit a larger amount of data at faster
speeds than twisted-pair wire
Does not suffer from electrical interference.
Disadvantage
The layers of insulation make the cable thick and
harder to install
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
Fiber Optic Cable
A relatively new technology.
Is particularly suitable for the transmission
of large amount of data.
Advantages
o Can carry more data at faster speeds.
o Is smaller, lighter, and more durable than
wire-based media.
o Is Unaffected by magnetic or electrical
fields, thus lower error rates.
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
Microwave transmission channels
Long distance microwave transmission
facilities can be leased from common
carriers.
Radio Transmission channels.
There is an increasing use of Radio channels
for short-distance voice telephone service,
and it is being used by employees who must
spend a great deal of time in their cars and
away from their offices.
Satellite transmission channel
Communication satellites are cost effective for
transmitting large quantities of data over long
distances
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
Types of lines Offered by Common
Carriers
Switched Line
Uses a regular, public telephone.
The communications equipment on sending
end dials the telephone number of the
communications equipment on the receiving
end.
The telephone switching stations choose the
actual line that is to be used.
Example: A typical business or residence line.
Disadvantages
o Access to a line is not assured at peak periods.
o The quality of the line cannot be controlled
because it is chosen at random.
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
Private or Dedicated line (also
called a leased line)
Are reserved solely for one customer.
Advantages
Faster and better connections (communication
devices).
More secure than switched lines.
Can often be enhanced to allow for increased
data transmission speeds
Disadvantages
Business with lower telecommunications needs
may not benefit because the same rate is charged
no matter how many calls are made.
Customer bears the responsibility for maintaining
and repairing the lines.
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
Types of signals
Analog
Digital
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
Integrated Service Digital Networking
(ISDN)
Enable voice, data and images to be
transmitted simultaneously in the form
of digital signals over a single telephone
line.
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
Data Transmission
Transmission Mode.
Asynchronous:
One character (or byte) at a time is transmitted.
Appropriate for low-speed data communication,
such as a person entering data into a computer.
Synchronous.
A number of characters are sent in a data packet
(used when sending contents of file to remote
site)
Advantage is speed and subsequent reduced
transmission costs.
Disadvantage is that it requires more expensive
transmission devices.
o Each block of characters has start byte(s).
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
Direction of Transmission
Simplex.
Data can travel in only one direction
Example: data collection devices.
Half-Duplex
Data can travel in both directions but only one
direction at a time,
Example; Marine radio
Full-Duplex.
Data can travel in both directions
simultaneously. Example: Communication
between computers.
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT
Modems.
Used to convert signals from digital
to analog and vice-versa.
Multiplexers.
Allow users to make more efficient
use of a communication channel by
enabling it to carry data from several
different sources simultaneously.
Communication Processors
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
Communications processors are
specialized devices (often
minicomputers) that are used to
perform special functions for the
system.
Front-End Processor
A front –end processor handles communication
management for the main computer.
Stores data in a buffer or temporary storage.
Concentrators
The concentrator collects and temporarily
stores data in a buffer, or
temporary storage area.
Communications Controller
Communications controller supervise
communications traffic between the CPU and
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS
Computers and other communications
equipment connected by a
communication channel in such a way
that data, programs, and peripheral
devices like printers can be shared or
communicated.
Two Primary Types of networks
Local Area networks.
Wide Area Networks
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
A LAN is combination of hardware,
software, and communications channels
that connect two or more computers within
a limited area.
Advantages
Expensive hardware devices such as laser or color
printers or large hard drivers can be shared,
lowering costs and enabling the resource to be
used more efficiently.
Provides users with access to shared programs
and data files, improving work flow, Productivity
and communication within an organization.
A LAN workstation provides users with more
flexibility and functionality than a fixed-function
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
Disadvantages
Very complicated, usually requires specially
trained personnel to manage, run and use the
network.
Tends to be less reliable and more exposed,
from the standpoint of data security, than
computer running in stand-alone mode.
Lack the speed and memory capacity needed
to tackle very large on line transaction
processing applications.
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
Components of a Typical LAN
Desktop microcomputers (two or more), each equipped
with a network interface card that enables the
microcomputers to send and receive messages through
the LAN.
Cabling system connecting the components
File Server as a high-speed /high capacity
microcomputer or workstation (help manage the
network, processes communications, and allows users
to share data, programs and peripheral devices).
Network operating system software; manage all
activity on the network.
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
Types of LAN networks
i. Peer-to-Peer
Allow users to share resources and files located
on their computers and to access shared
resources found on other computers. Small
offices with 2-15 workstations can benefit
from this type of network.
ii. Client/Server
Another method is client/server networking,
this system employs dedicated PC's or file
server’s, which hold a companies
information databases in one location.
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
LAN Topology
It is defined as the physical layout, or
shape, of a network (formed when
hardware devices are connected
together).
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
Types of LAN topology
Star Topology.
Each device is connected to a central unit.
Communication between on device and
another must go through the central unit.
Advantages.
o Keeps close control over data being processed
on the network.
Disadvantages.
o If the host computer stops, the entire network
will halt.
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
Bus Topology
Each device is connected to a single, common
communications channel.
Disadvantages
The communications channel can handle
only one message at a time.
When two computers transit at the same
time, a “collision” occurs.
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
Ring Topology.
Each terminal is connected to two others via a
communications channel, forming a closed
loop (circle or ring).
Each computer in the network can
communicate directly with any other computer
through the ring.
Ring networks avoid the data collisions that
can slow bus networks by creating an
electronic signal called a “token” that
circulates around the network and must be
attached to messages being sent to other
devices.
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
When a computer on the network is ready to
send a message to another, it checks the
token as it passes by to see if it is free. If it is,
it captures it, attaches its message to the
token, and then transmits the data.
When the data are received, the receiving
device releases the token back to the network.
If a connection between any of the devices
fails, the network shuts down.
Disadvantages
o Is sensitive to a signal link failure.
o Transmission speeds of 16 megabits per
second.
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
Database Management Systems (DBMS)
ADVANTAGES OF DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
Data Sharing
Reduced Data Redundancy
Improved Data Integrity
Data Independence
Increased Application Programmer and User
Productivity
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY…
Features of DBMS
Backup and replication
Rule enforcement
Security
Computation
Change and access logging
Automated optimization
Meta-data repository
