CEng4203-Reinforced

Concrete Structures II
Chapter Three

Inelastic Moment Redistribution

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24 Redistribution
 Outlines
 Introduction
 Moment curvature relationship
 Non-linear analysis of indeterminate structures
 Plastic Hinges and Collapse Mechanisms
 Moment redistribution as per building code
standards

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Inelastic Moment 2
 Introduction
 In general, when designing a structure and its
components, the designer must decide on the
appropriate structural model.
 The choice of the model effects:
 The analysis of the structure which is aimed at the
determination of the stress (internal forces and
moments) and
 The calculation of cross section resistance.
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 Introduction
 Thus, a model implies the use of a method of
analysis combined with a method of cross section
resistance calculation.
 There are several possible combinations of
methods of analysis and methods of cross-section
calculation for the ultimate limit state involving
either an elastic or plastic design approach.

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 Introduction
 The possible combinations are:

a) Plastic-plastic model
b) Elastic-plastic model
c) Elastic-elastic model

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 Introduction
a) Plastic-plastic model
 This is related to plastic design of structures.
 Full plasticity may be developed within cross-
sections so that plastic hinges can form.
 These have suitable moment rotation characteristics
giving sufficient rotation capacity for the formation
of a plastic mechanism as the result of moment
redistribution in the structure.
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 Introduction
 In this model, ultimate strength of materials is
considered in analysis and design.
 Because of this, it is economical but unsafe if
appropriate factor of safety is not applied on the
strength of materials.

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Inelastic Moment 7
 Introduction
b) Elastic-plastic model
 For structures composed of sections which can
achieve their plastic resistance but have not
sufficient rotation capacity to allow for a plastic
mechanism in the structure.
 The stresses from the elastic analysis are compared
with the plastic section capacity.
 This model is economical and safe.
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 Introduction
c) Elastic-elastic model
 When the cross section of a structure cannot
achieve their plastic capacity both analysis and
verification of cross section conducted elastically.
 This model is safe but un economical.

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Inelastic Moment 9
 Introduction
Analysis of RC Structures
 The purpose of any analysis is to know how the
structure responds to a given loading and there by
evaluate the stresses and deformations.
 Given: the following sets of parameters
 Geometry
 Loading and structural layout

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 Introduction
 Carrying out Elastic Analysis: Results ...
Stresses

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Inelastic Moment 11
 Introduction
 So far in the course analysis are based on linear elastic
theory.
 Most reinforced concrete structures are designed for
internal forces found by elastic theory with methods such
as slope deflection, moment distribution and matrix
analysis.
 Then, the sections will be designed to resist the internal
forces induced by external loads so that the stresses and
deformations developed are within permissible limits.
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Inelastic Moment 12
 Introduction
 But, there is an apparent inconsistency in determining the
design moments based on an elastic analysis while doing
the design based on a limit state design procedure which
the structural design is based on inelastic section behavior
assume that the moment-curvature (M- 𝜅 ) relationship
remains linear even under ultimate loads.
 Although the analysis and design basis are contradictory,
it will be a safe and to a degree a conservative design.

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Inelastic Moment 13
 Introduction
Analysis Design

 Factored loads  The tensile reinforcement is

proportioned on the assumption
𝑛
[ ( )]

that its well beyond its yielding

− 1− 𝜀𝑐

2
𝜀𝑐

𝝈𝒄 = 𝒇 𝒄𝒅 point at failure. (Ductile design

or )
𝑓𝑐 1
𝑑
𝜎=
𝑐

 Elastic Analysis  Concrete stress distribution

across the section is non-linear.

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Inelastic Moment 14
 Introduction
Methods of analysis allowed in ES EN 1992-1-1: 2015
 The methods of analysis includes:

1) Linear Elastic Analysis

2) Non-Linear Analysis
3) Linear Elastic Analysis with Limited
Redistribution (Inelastic Moment Redistribution )
4) Plastic Analysis

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Inelastic Moment 15
 Introduction
1) Linear Elastic Analysis (ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 section 5.4)
 This is the type of analysis being carried in materials obeying
Hooke’s law (), the load deformation relationship is linear
(the proportionality constant) represents the stiffness of the
structure.
 In linear analysis, the stiffness is a constant and does not
depend on the load level.
 It has the same value whether the load is very low or very
high.
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Inelastic Moment 16
 Introduction
 Is this a reasonable assumption in general and for
RC in particular?
 Linear analysis for RC structures based on the theory
of elasticity may be used for both the serviceability
and ultimate limit states.
 The stiffness used in linear analysis for RC
structures is generally determined using un-cracked
section.
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 Introduction
 Sometimes the stiffness may be determined on the basis of
cracked section (linear elastic analysis with reduced
stiffness) for thermal deformation, settlement and
shrinkage effects at the ULS and at SLS gradual evolution
of cracking should be considered (e.g. rigorous deflection
calculation).
 Under the assumption of a constant stiffness, the
relationship between external loads and internal action
effects is linear.
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Inelastic Moment 18
 Introduction

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Inelastic Moment 19
 Introduction
 Therefore, in linear elastic analysis the principle of
superposition holds.
 The different actions can be investigated separately and could
be superposed at the design stage to determine the design
action effect for any desired load combination.
 It is also worth mentioning the fact that the design based on
linear elastic analysis generally lies on the safe side because
the action effects are determined based on the most
unfavorable arrangement of the variable loads (LL).
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Inelastic Moment 20
 Introduction
For example

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Inelastic Moment 21
 Introduction

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Inelastic Moment 22
 Introduction
 Its main disadvantage lies in the fact that the actual
strength and deformation characteristic of the
structure can not be predicted through the simple
linear model.
 Moreover in RC structures the design based on the
results of linear elastic analysis may result in
concentration of reinforcement at critical regions.

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Inelastic Moment 23
 Introduction
2) Non-Linear Analysis (ES EN 1992-1-1: 2015
section 5.7 )
 The general relationship between load and
displacement for non-linear analysis is:

 Now the stiffness is a function of the

displacement .

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Inelastic Moment 24
 Introduction
 Because the stiffness depends on , the action effects
can be determined only iteratively.
 Thus the analysis procedures are more complex and
therefore very time consuming.
 Non-linear structural problems usually fall into one
of the following main categories:
i. Large deformations associated with geometric
nonlinearity,
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 Introduction
ii. Non-linear material behavior associated with
material non-linearity and
iii. The combination of geometric and material
nonlinearities.
 Non-linear analysis may be used for both ULS and SLS
provided that equilibrium and compatibility are satisfied
and an adequate non-linear behavior for materials is
assumed.
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Inelastic Moment 26
 Introduction
 The advantage of a non-linear analysis is that, it allows
to influence the distribution of the internal forces
through a targeted reinforcement distribution so that
economic advantage and/or advantages in respect of
construction can be achieved.
 Should the load dependent stiffness be strictly pursued
and used in the analysis, so can the actual strength and
deformation characteristics of the structure be predicted.

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Inelastic Moment 27
 Introduction
 The disadvantage with this method is the
involvement of the analysis associated with the
iterative determination of the load dependent
stiffness.
 This can only be achieved with modern analytical
techniques (non-linear FEM software).
 Furthermore, the principles of superposition does
not hold.
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 Introduction
 Therefore, different actions can not be applied
separately.
 Analysis must be carried out with factored
combined loading.
 Presently, the method is mostly used for research
(e.g. experimental).

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Inelastic Moment 29
 Introduction
 A typical iteration during any given load step for the
experimental beam involves:
Step1: Determine internal forces based on accurate (converged)
stiffness values from previous load step using linear methods→
result is BMD.
Step2: Determine new stiffness values matching the internal force
distribution from step1.
How? From the corresponding curvature distribution for example.

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Inelastic Moment 30
 Introduction
Step3: Determine internal forces based on stiffness values from
step (2) → result is new BMD
 Go to step2 and repeat the iteration until the change in
stiffness values of the cross sections in two consecutive steps
is insignificant.
 When that is achieved, the iteration is said to have converged
for the current load step.
 The load will be increased and the iteration continued until
ultimate load capacity of the beam is reached and it collapses.
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Inelastic Moment 31
 Introduction
3) Linear Elastic Analysis with Limited
Redistribution (ES EN 1992-1-1: 2015 section
5.5)
 Linear elastic method with limited amount of
inelastic moment redistribution reflects a strong
simplification of the non-linear behavior of RC
structures.

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Inelastic Moment 32
 Introduction
 It allows the advantages of non-linear methods
without having to deal with the complications
associated with the continuous matching of the
stiffness with the internal forces required for non-
linear analysis.
 In this method, the highly stressed critical sections
will be idealized as plastic hinges in the ULS and
load dependent stiffness are not determined.
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 Introduction
 Such analysis is not allowed for SLS design.
 The moments at ULS calculated using a linear
elastic analysis at the most critical region is
reduced (redistributed) by a factor and the
corresponding action effects in other regions are
increased to satisfy the conditions of equilibrium
with the applied loads.

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Inelastic Moment 34
 Introduction
 To illustrate the concept behind inelastic moment
redistribution, let us use the fixed-end slab example
shown in figure.

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Inelastic Moment 35
 Introduction
Step (1): Determine internal action effects

Step (2): Provide the required amount of

reinforcement based on material data

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Inelastic Moment 36
 Introduction
 Now suppose redistribution of is made on the BMD
and the slab is reinforced based on the new BMD,
what will happen?
 Would the slab fail as a result of less reinforcement
at the support?

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Inelastic Moment 37
 Introduction
 The answer is No, as long as the slab possesses
sufficient rotation capacity at the support.
 Assume that the load on the slab is gradually
increased from zero upwards and plastic hinges
form at the support at load intensity corresponding
to occur.
 We can determine this loading intensity from:

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Inelastic Moment 38
 Introduction

 Now the question is whether we can keep increasing

the load up to the original level of ?
 Observe that the slab has changed from fixed end to
simply supported slab.
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 Introduction
 However since the resulting slab is still a stable
structure, the load can be increased provided that
there is sufficient rotation at the hinges.
 At load level of .
 Therefore the original load intensity can still be
sustained although the design is not based on the
results of linear elastic analysis.

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Inelastic Moment 40
 Introduction
 At this point a 3rd hinge forms in the span and a
mechanism forms.
 Load can not be increased beyond this level.

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Inelastic Moment 41
 Introduction
 The method has got its name from the interpretation of
the process that is as if inelastic moment redistribution
has taken place from the support region to the span after
the formation of the plastic hinges, while the load was
gradually increased from to the ultimate level of .
 Note that the redistribution of the moment (adjustment
of the BMD) is not completely arbitrary.

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Inelastic Moment 42
 Introduction
 If the assumption in respect of the amount of
moment to be reduced at the supports are made (in
the example from to ), then the span moment must
be increased and its magnitude is determined on the
basis of the satisfaction of the conditions of static
equilibrium → requires that the mid-span moment
ordinate is equal to

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Inelastic Moment 43
 Introduction
Exercise
Given: ◦ 2 span continuous beam and design load

Required:
◦ BMD after inelastic moment redistribution using a
redistribution factor applied to the support moment

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Inelastic Moment 44
 Introduction

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Inelastic Moment 45
 Introduction
 Points to be observed:
 For any degree of inelastic moment redistribution,
there must take place some amount of rotation at a
plastic hinge which must be endowed with
sufficient rotation capacity.
 Thus such redistributions are typically followed by
a check for sufficiency of plastic rotation capacity.

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Inelastic Moment 46
 Introduction
4) Plastic Analysis (ES EN 1992-1-1: 2015 section
5.6 )
 With this method, the elastic deformation of
members are completely neglected.
 Plastic hinges with unlimited rotation capacity are
formed at the critical sections once they have
reached their plastic capacities.

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Inelastic Moment 47
 Introduction
 When a beam yields in bending, an increase in
curvature does not produce an increase in moment
resistance.
 Methods based on plastic analysis shall only be
used for the check at ULS.
 Analysis of beams and structures made of such
flexural members is called Plastic Analysis.

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Inelastic Moment 48
 Introduction
 This is generally referred to as limit analysis, when applied to
reinforced concrete framed structures, and plastic analysis
when applied to steel structures.
 Analysis methods based on the theory of plasticity are divided
into two groups
(i) Upper bound theorem and

(ii) Lower bound theorem.

 Examples are the yield line theory (we will see in chapter 4)
and the strip method for slabs respectively.
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Inelastic Moment 49
 Introduction
Plastic analysis for beams, frames and slabs (ES EN
1992-1-1:2015)
 Plastic analysis without any direct check of rotation
capacity may be used for the ultimate limit state if
the conditions of are met.
 The required ductility may be deemed to be satisfied
without explicit verification if all the following are
fulfilled:
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 Introduction
(i) The area of tensile reinforcement is limited such
that at any section
for concrete strength classes
for concrete strength classes
(ii) Reinforcing steel is either Class B or C

(iii) The ratio of the moments at intermediate supports

to the moments in the span should be between and
2.
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Inelastic Moment 51
 Moment curvature relationship
 Curvature is defined as the angle change per unit
length at a given location along the axis of a
member subjected to bending or bending plus axial
load.
 If we take a portion of a beam with homogeneous
cross-section which is loaded in bending is shown
(see next slide).

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Inelastic Moment 52
 Moment curvature relationship

Beam loaded in bending Segment of the Beam

loaded in bending

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Inelastic Moment 53
 Moment curvature relationship
 Point is the center of curvature of the deflected
curve.
 (rho) radius of curvature is the distance from the
curve to the center of curvature.
 Curvature (kappa) is defined as the reciprocal of
the radius of curvature.
 Thus,

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Inelastic Moment 54
 Moment curvature relationship
 Curvature is the measure of how sharply a beam is
bent.
 From the geometry,

 Point O is located much further than it is located in

the figure because most beams give very small
deflections and have nearly flat deflection curve.

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Inelastic Moment 55
 Moment curvature relationship
 To evaluate normal strain in beams subjected to
pure bending, consider a line located at a distance
from the neutral axis.

Fig. Deformed beam under pure bending

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Inelastic Moment 56
 Moment curvature relationship
 The longitudinal line had the same length with on
the neutral axis before bending but after bending
the curve will shorten.
 This shortened curve is at a distance from the
center of curvature.
 Before bending of the beam
 After bending the size of remains constant but

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Inelastic Moment 57
 Moment curvature relationship
 Therefore,

 Therefore, the strain curvature relation is:

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Inelastic Moment 58
 Moment curvature relationship
 For linear elastic materials by substituting hook’s
law for uniaxial stress into the above equation we
get the stress curvature relation is:

 From the study of mechanics of materials, we have

the flexural formula

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Inelastic Moment 59
 Moment curvature relationship
 The moment curvature relation can be stated from
the above equations as follows:

 This is relation is known as moment - curvature

equation.

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Inelastic Moment 60
 Moment curvature relationship

 From the relation the curvature is:

 Directly proportional to the bending
moment M and
 Inversely proportional to the quantity
which is called flexural rigidity.

Relationship between bending moment M and curvature k

for beam with linear elastic

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Inelastic Moment 61
 Moment curvature relationship
 But is Concrete a homogenous, elastic material?
 Then how do we determine the moment curvature
relationship for it?
 Why do we even bother compute the relationship?

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Inelastic Moment 62
 Moment curvature relationship
 Reinforced concrete is not homogeneous because it
is composed of steel and concrete which have
different values for the elastic modulus.
 However, it is possible to identify an equivalent
homogeneous concrete section with an equivalent
moment of inertia.
 This is done by means of an equivalent transformed
cross section.
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 Moment curvature relationship
 To have the same material property of concrete
across the RC section the reinforcement is
transformed in to an equivalent concrete area
using the modular ratio

𝑨𝒔 𝟐 𝑨 𝟑= 𝑨 𝒔 𝟐 ( 𝒏− 𝟏 )
𝒉 @ Un-cracked stage 𝑨𝟏
𝑨𝒔 𝟏 𝑨 𝟐= 𝑨 𝒔 𝟏 ( 𝒏− 𝟏 )
𝒃
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Inelastic Moment 64
 Moment curvature relationship

)
@ Fully-Cracked stage

−𝟏
(𝒏
𝑨𝒔 𝟐

𝒔𝟐
=𝑨
𝒙 𝑨𝟏

𝟑
𝑨
𝒉
𝑨𝒔 𝟏
𝑨 𝟐= 𝑨 𝒔 𝟏 ( 𝒏− 𝟏 )

𝒃
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Inelastic Moment 65
 Moment curvature relationship
Importance of Moment-curvature relationship:
 To study the ductility of members
 To understand the development of plastic hinge and
 To account for the redistribution of elastic
moments that occurs in most reinforced concrete
structures before collapse.

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Inelastic Moment 66
 Moment curvature relationship
Moment-curvature relationship for RC section
 The Bernoulli hypothesis of plane sections remaining
plane after bending holds also for analysis based on
non-linear relationship.
State I:
 The stiffness used in linear analysis for Reinforced
Concrete structures is generally determined using un-
cracked section.
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 Moment curvature relationship
State II:
 The stiffness may be determined on the basis of
cracked section (linear elastic analysis with reduced
stiffness).
 It is to be noted that for RC cross sections in state II,
Bernoulli hypothesis holds true only on the average
or “smeared” sense along the axis of the beam.

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Inelastic Moment 68
 Moment curvature relationship
 At a crack location, the hypothesis is violated but is
not considered in the analysis.
Basic assumption and consideration in establishing the
Relationship for RC section

Basic Assumptions
 Parabolic-rectangular stress block for concrete in
compression is assumed.

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Inelastic Moment 69
 Moment curvature relationship
 Tensile strength of concrete is neglected.
 Plane section remains plane before and after
bending.
 Elasto-Plastic stress strain relationship is assumed
for reinforcement steel in tension.
 Steel is perfectly bonded with concrete.

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Inelastic Moment 70
 Moment curvature relationship
Basic Considerations
 Equilibrium of forces shall be maintained.
 Compatibility of Strains shall be maintained.
 Stress-Strain relationship has to be satisfied.
 The important points along the moment curvature
diagram at which and are to be calculated are as
follows:

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Inelastic Moment 71
 Moment curvature relationship
Theoretical Moment-Curvature diagram for R.C

Point 1: and just before the appearance of the

flexural crack in the cross-section
Point 2: and just after the appearance of the
flexural crack
Point 3: and when steel start to yield
Point 4: and when failure is reached (normally due
to the crushing of the compression concrete)

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Inelastic Moment 72
 Moment curvature relationship
Just before cracking (Point 1):
 In this case, concrete also takes tension and the
moment is the cracking moment.
 We find the second moment of area of the un-
cracked transformed section.

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Inelastic Moment 73
 Moment curvature relationship
Theoretical moment which causes cracking

Section modulus
Characteristic tensile strength of concrete

Just after cracking (Point 2):

 In this case, concrete does not take any tension and the
moment is the cracking moment.
 We find the second moment of area of the cracked
transformed section.
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Inelastic Moment 74
 Moment curvature relationship

At yielding of the steel (Point 3):

 In this case, tension steel reaches yield point but
concrete does not reach maximum strain – under
reinforced beam.

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Inelastic Moment 75
 Moment curvature relationship
At ultimate Limit state of the R.C section (Point 4):
 In this case either or
for concrete and steel respectively.

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Inelastic Moment 76
 Moment curvature relationship

By trial and error, we can find the

strain in the steel or the maximum
strain in concrete from the relation

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Inelastic Moment 77
 Moment curvature relationship
 The theoretical moment curvature can be modified
to resemble the actual one by considering the
concrete share in resisting flexural tension (tension
stiffening).
 The figure below shows the calculated and
experimentally registered curves M-κ for two
different cross-sections with steel and concrete .

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Inelastic Moment 78
 Moment curvature relationship

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Inelastic Moment 79
 Moment curvature relationship
 The actual moment curvature relationship measured in beam
tests differ some-what from the theoretical curve shown above
mainly because the tension stiffening effect of the concrete is
ignored.
 The above moment-curvature diagram can be simplified
(idealized) as follows for the purpose of limit analysis.
 With the idealized M-κ relation, the ultimate moment of
resistance is assumed to have been reached at a critical section
in a flexural member with the yielding of the tension steel.

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Inelastic Moment 80
 Moment curvature relationship

Idealized Moment Curvature relation

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Inelastic Moment 81
 Moment curvature relationship
The assumption generally made in limit analysis
is that the moment curvature relation is an
idealized bilinear elastoplastic relation.

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Inelastic Moment 82
 Moment curvature relationship
Procedures in Establishing the relationship for RC
section
 The general steps to be followed in computing the
moment curvature relationship of RC section are as
follows.
Step 1: Assume the strain of the outer most fiber of
concrete .

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Inelastic Moment 83
 Moment curvature relationship
Step 2: Assume the N.A. depth .
Step 3: From the linear strain distribution across the
section compute the strain of the reinforcement bar in
tension and the corresponding stress in it .
Step 4: Compute the total compressive and tensile forces .
Step 5: Check equilibrium of forces.
Step 6: Determine lever arm and calculate the moment
and the corresponding curvature .
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Inelastic Moment 84
 Moment curvature relationship
Moment Curvature curve and ductility

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Inelastic Moment 85
 Moment curvature relationship
 If there is no moment redistribution, region 2 is
ductile failure and region 4 is brittle failure.
 Region 3 has both the ductile and brittle portion and
the boundary line connect and .

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Inelastic Moment 86
 Moment curvature relationship

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Inelastic Moment 87
 Moment curvature relationship
 From the figure above, it is easy to understand that
if the R.C member is under reinforced section,
 It has larger change in angle per unit length or
 It has enough bent before failure.
 The main advantage underlying under-reinforced
sections is that they exhibit ductile behavior.

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Inelastic Moment 88
 Moment curvature relationship

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Inelastic Moment 89
 Non-linear analysis of indeterminate structures

 Continuous beams and one-way slabs are

indeterminate structures for which variable/live
load variation has to be considered.
 This is because permanent/dead load is always there
but variable might vary during the life time of these
structures.

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Inelastic Moment 90
 Non-linear analysis of indeterminate structures

How variable loads are arranged?

 The largest moment in continuous beams or one-way slabs
or frames occur when some spans are loaded and the others
are not.
 In order to determine the maximum (positive as well as
negative) moments that can occur at any section in a
continuous beam, it is first necessary to identify the spans
to be loaded with live loads so as to create the worst (most
extreme) effects.
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Inelastic Moment 91
 Non-linear analysis of indeterminate structures

 The positioning of live loads for obtaining the critical

design moments in continuous beams:
 The maximum positive moment in a span occurs when live
loads are placed on that span and every other alternate
span.
 The maximum negative moment at a support section
occurs when live loads are placed on two adjacent spans
in which the support section is located between and also
on every alternate span thereafter.
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Inelastic Moment 92
 Non-linear analysis of indeterminate structures

Load pattern for

Load pattern for

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Inelastic Moment 93
 Non-linear analysis of indeterminate structures

 In building structures, any of the following sets of

simplified load arrangements may be used at ULS
and SLS (ES EN 1992-1-1: 2015 section 5.1.3).
 The more critical of:

a) Alternate spans carrying the design variable and

permanent load with other spans carrying only the
design permanent load and

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Inelastic Moment 94
 Non-linear analysis of indeterminate structures

a) Any two adjacent spans carrying the design variable and

permanent loads all other spans carrying only the design
permanent load

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Inelastic Moment 95
 Plastic Hinges and Collapse Mechanisms

What does mean Mechanism?

 When any elastic body is subjected to a system of
loads and deformation takes place and the resistance
is set up against the deformation then the elastic
body is known as structure.
 In contradiction to this, if no resistance is set up in
the body against the deformation then it is known as
a mechanical mechanism.
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 Plastic Hinges and Collapse Mechanisms

 When a statically indeterminate structure is

subjected to loads and the bending moment diagram
is drawn, it is seen that is two or more points of
peak moments.
 As the loads are gradually increased, the cross-
section having the maximum of these peak
moments will reach yield.

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 A plastic hinge is formed at such a cross-section and
the value of bending moment becomes at the section.
 As further load is added, this value of bending
moment, remains constant and this cross-section
having the plastic hinge rotates and other sections
having the bending moment smaller than maintain
the equilibrium with the increased load by a
proportionate increase in moment.
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 These sections having peak point in the bending moment diagram
reach yielding and the plastic hinges are formed in succession.
 The values of bending moments at these peak points become in
succession.
 The process of moment transfer known as the redistribution of
moment due to successive formation of plastic hinges continues.
 After the formation of sufficient number of plastic hinges, the
structure reduces to a plastic mechanism and the failure or
collapse of the structure occurs.

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What does mean Plastic hinge?

 When the cross section of a member is fully plastic
under a bending moment, any attempt to increase this
moment will cause the member to act as hinged (a
movable joint) at the neutral axis.
 Plastic hinge is defined as a yielded zone due to bending
in a structural member at which an infinite rotation can
take place at a constant plastic moment of the section.

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Locations for plastic hinges

 The possible locations for plastic hinges to develop
are
1) At the points of concentrated loads,

2) At the intersections of members involving a change

in geometry and
3) At the point of zero shear for member under
uniform distributed load.
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Number of Plastic Hinges necessary for failure

 The number of hinges necessary for failure does not vary
for a particular structure subject to a given loading
condition.
 Although a part of a structure may fail independently by the
formation of a smaller number of hinges.
 The member or structure behaves in the manner of a hinged
mechanism and in doing so adjacent hinges rotate in
opposite directions.
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 If the degree of indeterminacy of the structure is r

then the indeterminate structure becomes a
determinate structure on the formation of n number
of the plastic hinges.
 If one additional hinge is formed, after the
structure has become a determinate one, then a
mechanism is formed.

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 Thus, the number of plastic hinges are necessary to

convert a structure into a mechanism.

Statically Determinate Beam

 Will fail if one plastic hinge develop.

E.g. The simply supported beam shown below will fail

if P is increased until a plastic hinge is developed at the
point of maximum moment (just underneath P).
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 Therefore, mechanism is defined as the formation

and arrangement of plastic hinges and perhaps real
hinges that permit the collapse in a structure.

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Statically Indeterminate Beam

 Will require at least two plastic hinges to develop
to fail. The fixed-end beam shown below can't fail
unless the three hinges in the figure develop.

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 The propped cantilever beam below is an example

of a structure that will fail after two plastic hinges
develop.

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Rotation Capacity,
 The designer adopting limit/plastic analysis in concrete must
calculate the inelastic rotation capacity it undergoes at
plastic-hinge locations.
 This is critical in situation where moment redistribution is
going to be implemented.
 One way to calculate this rotation capacity is making use of
the moment-curvature relationship established for a given
section.
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Where:

In which is the distance from the point of maximum

moment to the nearest point of zero moment

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 But this plastic rotation is not confined to one

cross section and it is distributed over a finite
length referred to as the hinging length

Hinged length of a simply supported

beam with central concentrated load
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Rotation Capacity according to ES EN 1992-1-1:2015

 The simplified procedure for continuous beams and
continuous one way spanning slabs is based on the rotation
capacity of beam/slab zones over a length of approximately
1.2 times the depth of section (ES EN 1992-1-1:2015
section 5.6.3).
 It is assumed that these zones undergo a plastic deformation
(formation of yield hinges) under the relevant combination
of actions.
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Figure 5.5: Plastic rotation of reinforced concrete sections for

continuous beams and continuous one way spanning slabs.

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 Plastic Hinges and Collapse Mechanisms
 The verification of the plastic rotation in the ultimate
limit state is considered to be fulfilled, if it is shown that
under the relevant combination of actions the calculated
rotation is less than or equal to the allowable plastic
rotation .
 In regions of yield hinges, should not exceed the value
0.45 for concrete strength classes less than or equal to
C50/60 and 0.35 for concrete strength classes greater than
or equal to C55/67.
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 Plastic Hinges and Collapse Mechanisms
 In the simplified procedure, the allowable plastic rotation
may be determined by multiplying the basic value of
allowable rotation by a correction factor that depends on
the shear slenderness.
 The recommended basic value of allowable rotation for
steel Classes B and C (the use of Class A steel is not
recommended for plastic analysis) and concrete strength
classes less than or equal to and are given in Figure
5.6N.
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 The values for concrete strength classes to may be

interpolated accordingly.
 The values apply for a shear slenderness . For
different values of shear slenderness should be
multiplied by .
where:

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 Plastic Hinges and Collapse Mechanisms

is the ratio of the distance between point of zero and

maximum moment after redistribution and effective
depth .
 As a simplification may be calculated for the
concordant design values where of the bending
moment and shear.

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 Moment redistribution as per building code standards

 The distribution of bending moments in a

continuous beam (or frame) gets modified
significantly in the inelastic phase.
 The term moment redistribution is generally used
to refer to the transfer of moments to the less
stressed sections as sections of peak moments yield
on their ultimate capacity being reached.

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 Moment redistribution as per building code standards

 The building codes (ES EN 1992-1-1:2015) prescribe the

minimum ductility achieved by limiting the NA depth (thus in
terms of ) of the cross section as a function of the redistribution
factor .
 Code recommendation to achieve the required ductility without
explicit determination of the rotation capacity; moments
obtained from a linear analysis may be reduced by multiplying
by the following reduction coefficient provided that the
moments are increased in other sections in order to maintain
equilibrium.
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 In continuous beams or slabs which are

predominantly subject to flexure and have the ratio
of the lengths of adjacent spans in the range of
redistribution of bending moments may be carried
out without explicit check on the rotation capacity
provided that:

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 Moment redistribution as per building code standards

where Class B and Class C reinforcement is used

where Class A reinforcement is used

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 Moment redistribution as per building code standards

Where:
is the ratio of the redistributed moment to the elastic
elastic BM
bending moment
redistributed moment
𝑴𝟏
𝜹=
𝑴𝟐

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 Moment redistribution as per building code standards

is the depth of the neutral axis at the ultimate limit state

after redistribution.

is the effective depth of the section

The recommended value for:

is the ultimate strain according to Table 3.1of ES EN

1992: 2015
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 Moment redistribution as per building code standards

 Rearranging the above equation

Let
 For redistribution of moment,
 For redisribution of moment,
 For redistribution of moment,
 For other continuous beams and rigid jointed braced
frames → .

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 Redistribution should not be carried out in circumstances

where the rotation capacity cannot be defined with
confidence (e.g. in the corners of pre-stressed frames).
 For the design of columns the elastic moments from
frame action should be used without any redistribution.
 No redistribution is allowed for sway frames.
 Moment redistribution should not be allowed for
indeterminate structures analyzed by inelastic analysis.

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 Presently, design codes of most of the countries allow the

redistribution up to a maximum limit because of the
following advantages:
1) It gives a more realistic picture of the actual load
carrying capacity of the indeterminate structure.

2) Structures designed considering the redistribution of

moment (though it is limited) would result more
economical structure as the actual load capacity is higher
than that we determine from any elastic analysis.
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3) The designer enjoys the freedom of modifying the

design bending moments within the limits.
 Such an adjustment in the bending moment would
result less congestion of reinforcement at the
critical sections.

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

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