Dr.
SYED ABDUL WADOOD SHAH
M.B.B.S, [Link]
Assistant Professor
Department of Community Medicine
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Define Population and Population studies
Define and explain Demography
Explain demographic cycle
Explain population pyramid
Compare population pyramid of developing &
developed countries
WHAT IS POPULATION???
Set of people who lives in specific land area:
A Commune
A District
A Country
A Continent
POPULATION STUDIES
In simple words; “Studies that focus on knowledge of Human
Population”.
Population studies are concerned not only with demographic
factors (births, deaths, migration) but also with relationship
between population changes and other variables like; Social,
Economic, Political, Biological, Genetic, Geographical,
Environmental and Health.
Concerned with understanding; what kinds of changes are
taking place in the size and nature of human populations.
Also concerned with why these changes are taking place.
WHAT IS DEMOGRAPHY???
DEMOGRAPHY
DEMOS=======PEOPLE
GRAPHY======PRESENTATION , RECORDING
Demography is the scientific study of human population in its static and
dynamic aspects.
Demography refers to the analysis of numbers while population studies
look at the behavioral aspects affecting the reproductive behavior of
people.
It focuses its attention on three readily observable human phenomenon.
1. Changes in population size (growth or decline)
2. Composition of the population
3. Distribution of population in space
Demography is the study of human populations concerning their
size, distribution, structure and changes within them.
Size: the number of persons in the population at a given time.
Distribution: the arrangement of the population in space at a
given time
Structure: the distribution of the population among its sex and
age groupings.
Changes: occur due to the growth or decline of the total
population, resulting from births, deaths and in or out migration.
Demographers seek to understand population dynamics by
investigating three main demographic processes:
Fertility (Births), mortality (deaths) and migration
These factors are the ‘big three’ & basic aspects of
demography, jointly influences the population of a particular
place including how people inhabit the earth, form nations
and societies, and develop culture.
Along with these three factors, other factors like; Marriages
and Social mobility also influences the population
SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION
Before we plan any health intervention or programs for the
community we should know the size and composition of the
community.
We also need to know the changes that will occur to the
size and composition to the population.
POPULATION CENSUS
VITAL STATISTICS
MIGRATION
DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
The history of world population since 1960 suggests
that there is a demographic cycle of 5 stages through
which a nation passes:
First stage----------------------------(High stationary)
Second Stage-----------------------(Early expanding)
Third stage--------------------------(Late expanding)
Fourth stage------------------------(Low stationary)
Fifth stage----------------------------(Declining)
STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE
First stage: (High stationary)
High birth rate and a high death rate
Population remains stationary
Many countries in Asia and Africa are in this stage
Secondary Stage: (Early expanding)
Death begins to decline while the birth rate remains unchanged.
Libya is in this stage
Third stage: (Late expanding)
The death rate declines still further and the birth rate tends to fall.
Fourth Stage: (Low stationary)
There is low birth and low death rate.
The population becomes stationary.
Fifth Stage: (Declining)
The population begins to decline because birth rate
is lower than death rate.
nd Fe
Depe rt
Birth e ncy Ra ilit
R at e te y
Ratio
DEMOGRAPHIC
Mo r t a
R at e
lity
INDICATORS Li
Exp fe
e ct
cy a an
Birt t
Sex h
Ratio
Demographic indicators have been divided into two parts;
Population Statistics
Vital Statistics
Population statistics: It includes indicators that measure the
population size, sex ratio, density and dependency ratio.
VITAL STATISTICS: It includes indicators such as; birth rate,
death rate, natural growth rate, life expectancy at birth,
mortality and fertility rates.
AGE-SEX COMPOSITION
Refers to the proportion of males and females in different age
groups.
This composition has a direct bearing on social, economic and
health needs of communities or countries.
In “old” population the society has to arrange for the care of
elderly, and the health system of the country should be
organized accordingly.
In a “young” population the country has to provide more schools,
immunization, and economic support of young.
POPULATION PYRAMID
Population Pyramid:
A pictorial presentation of the age sex composition of a
population.
Several factors can be ascertained by a glance at
the chart :
The population is old or young
What is the dependency ratio
At what rate the population is increasing
Was there a recent change in fertility or mortality of
this population.
The age pyramid of Pakistan is typical
of developing countries, with a
broad base and a tapering top.
In the developed countries like
Switzerland the pyramid generally
SEX RATIO
Sex Ratio:
The number of females per thousand males.
In any study of population, analysis of sex composition plays a vital role .
It is affected by:
o The differentials in mortality conditions of males and females
o Sex selective migration and
o Sex ratio at birth.
DEPENDENCY RATIO
Proportion of person / people above 65 years and below 15
years of age are considered to be dependent on the
economically productive age group (15-65 years).
The ratio of the combined age groups 0-14 years plus > 65 years
to 15-65 age group is referred to as Total Dependency Ratio.
Children 0-14 years + Population > 65 years
Total Dependency Ratio=
age X 100
Population of 15 to 64 years
age
Dependency Ratio :
= Children + Elderly X 100
Working Age
= Pop below 15 + 65 & above X 100
Pop 16 – 64 years
Sex Ratio: The overall sex ratio is simply the ratio of
males to females in the population & is calculated by
taking the number of males in a population & dividing it
by the number of females in the same population
Sex Ratio = Number of Males / X 100
Number of Females
VITAL STATISTICS
LIFE EXPECTANCY
Life expectancy is “the average number of years which a
person of a particular age may expect to live”.
It is one of the best indicators of a country’s level of
development and overall health status.
The life expectancy of people all over the world has been
increasing.
Life expectancy in Pakistan = 68.1 years (2017)
(Male= 66.1 years / Female= 70.1 years)
FERTILITY
Fertility= Is the actual bearing of children by a woman or
ability to have babies or reproduce.
The reproductive age of a woman is between 15 – 49 years
Some factors affecting fertility are:
• Age at marriage
• Duration of married life
• Spacing of children
• Education
• Socioeconomic status
• Nutrition
• Caste and Religion
FERTILITY RATE
The number of live births in women over a specific length of
time.
• Fertility rate is generally expressed as the number of births per 1,000
women aged 15 to 49 in a calendar year.
• Births per 1000 women, categorized according to a specific
composition of mothers in the population:
(1)Crude birth rate: number of live births per 1000 of population.
(2) General fertility rate: number of live births per 1000 women
between the ages of 15 and 49 years.
Number of live births during the
FERTILITY RATE year X 1000
= Estimated mid-year
population
BIRTH RATE
It is “the number of live births per 1000 estimated mid-year
population, in a given year”.
Number of live births during the year
Birth Rate = X 1000
Estimated mid-year population
•This is an unsatisfactory measure of fertility because the
total population is not exposed to child bearing. Therefore
it does not give a true idea of the fertility of a population
POPULATION GROWTH RATE: The rate at which the number of
individuals in a population increases in a given time period,
expressed as a fraction of the initial population.
Annual Growth Rate of Pakistan is = 2%
Pakistan population =>22 CRORES
Pakistan ranks number 5 in the list of countries (and
dependencies) by population.
Mortality Rate - Under Age 5=== 74.9 Per 1,000 live Births
Total Fertility Rate of Pakistan is= 3.65 Births Per Woman
