CANCER:
A
MISHAP
IN CELL
DIVISION
CANCER
• a disease in which some of the body’s
cells grow uncontrollably and spread
to other parts of the body.
• Ignore signals that normally tell cells
to stop dividing or to die (a process
known as programmed cell death, or
apoptosis).
• start almost anywhere, including skin,
organs, bones, and soft tissues.
• Metastasis- spread or inavsion of
cancer cell in different part of the
body.
TUMORS
• a solid mass of tissue that forms
when abnormal cells group
together.
• When cells grow old or become
damaged, they die, and new
cells take their place.
Sometimes this orderly process
breaks down, and abnormal or
damaged cells grow and
multiply when they shouldn't.
These cells may form tumors,
which are lumps of tissue.
TYPES OF TUMORS:
• Benign: These tumors are not
cancerous. They do not invade
nearby tissue or spread to other
parts of the body.
• Premalignant: In these tumors,
the cells are not yet cancerous,
but they can potentially become
malignant.
• Malignant: Malignant tumors
are cancerous.
FACTORS IN CANCER
DEVELOPEMENT
• CANCER CAUSING-
CHEMICAL
• RADIATION
• ALCOHOL and SMOKE
• OBESITY
• INFECTIOUS AGENTS
CANCER CAUSING-CHEMICAL
• also known as carcinogens, are substances
that can lead to cancer through various
mechanisms, including DNA damage and
interference with normal cell functions.
• Asbestos (industry of mining and
automotive)
• benzene (industry of fossil fuel and plastic
making
• Arsenic (pesticides, herbicides)
• acrylamide (high temperature: frying,
roasting, and baking)
• Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: prevent sticky
of food and make food resistant in water
RADIATION
• High-energy radiation, such as x-
rays, gamma rays, alpha particles,
beta particles, and neutrons, can
damage DNA and cause cancer.
• These forms of radiation can be
released in accidents at nuclear
power plants and when atomic
weapons are made, tested, or
used.
ALCOHOL and SMOKE
ALCOHOL: When the body breaks down ethanol, it
becomes acetaldehyde, which Bevers says is a known
carcinogen.
SMOKE: 7,000 chemicals. At least 69 of these chemicals
are known to cause cancer, and many are toxic.
Ammonia—a common household cleaner
Formaldehyde—embalming fluid
Nicotine—used as an insecticide
Toluene—used to manufacture paint
Butane—used in lighter fluid
Cadmium—active component in battery acid
OBESITY
• Obesity increases the risk of
developing cancer through several
mechanisms, including hormone
regulation, inflammation, and
cellular responses.
• Excess body fat is linked to
elevated insulin and estrogen
levels, which can contribute to
cancer cell growth.
INFECTIOUS AGENTS
• Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus
(HCV), which are known to cause liver cancer.
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is primarily linked to
cervical cancer.
• Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most notable
bacteria linked to certain kind of stomach, or
gastric, cancer.
• Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis,
flatworms contracted by consuming undercooked
fish, are linked to an increased risk of bile duct
cancer
• Schistosoma hematobium, can lead to bladder
cancer through skin penetration in contaminated
freshwater environment
1st type of cancer: Carcinoma
• Carcinomas are the most common type of cancer. They
are formed by epithelial cells, which are the cells that
cover the inside and outside surfaces of the body
Adenocarcinoma is a cancer that forms in epithelial cells
that produce fluids or mucus. Most cancers of the breast,
colon, and prostate are adenocarcinomas.
Basal cell carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the lower
or basal (base) layer of the epidermis, which is a person’s
outer layer of skin.
Squamous cell carcinoma is a cancer that forms in
squamous cells,stomach, intestines, lungs, bladder, and
kidneys
Transitional cell carcinoma is a cancer that forms in a
type of epithelial tissue called transitional epithelium.
bladder, ureters, and kidneys
2nd type: Sarcoma
• Sarcomas are cancers that form
in bone and soft tissues, including
muscle, fat, blood vessels, lymph
vessels, and fibrous tissue (such
as tendons and ligaments).
Osteosarcoma is the most
common cancer of bone
3rd type: Leukemia
• Cancers that begin in the blood-
forming tissue of the bone marrow are
called leukemias. These cancers do not
form solid tumors. Instead, large
numbers of abnormal white blood
cells (leukemia cells and leukemic blast
cells) build up in the blood and bone
marrow, crowding out normal blood
cells.
4th type: Lymphoma
• Lymphoma is cancer that begins in
lymphocytes (T cells or B cells).
These are disease-fighting white
blood cells that are part of the
immune system.
• In lymphoma, abnormal
lymphocytes build up in lymph
nodes and lymph vessels, as well as
in other organs of the body.
5th type: Melanoma
• Melanoma is cancer that begins in
cells that become melanocytes,
which are specialized cells that
make melanin (the pigment that
gives skin its color).
• Most melanomas form on the skin,
but melanomas can also form in
other pigmented tissues, such as the
eye.
PREVENTION
