CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTIO
N

Slides by Donald W. Smith Final Draft

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. TechNeTrain.com Oct. 15, 2011
 Chapter Goals
 To learn about computers and programming
 To compile and run your first Java program
 To recognize compile-time and run-time
errors
 To describe an algorithm with pseudocode
In this chapter, you will learn how to write
and run your first Java program. You will
also learn how to diagnose and fix
programming errors, and how to use
pseudocode to describe an algorithm.

Copyright © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. Page 2
 Contents
 Computer Programs
 The Java Programming Language
 Becoming Familiar with your Programming
Environment
 Analyzing Your First Program
 Errors
 Problem Solving:
 Algorithm Design

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 1.1 Computer Programs
 A Computer Program is a sequence of
instructions and decisions
 Computers execute very basic instructions
in rapid succession
 Programming is the act of designing and
implementing computer programs

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 1.2 The Anatomy of a Computer
 The central processing unit (CPU)
performs program control and data
processing
 Storage devices include memory
(RAM) and secondary storage
 Hard disk
 Flash drives
 CD/DVD drives
 Input/Output devices allow the user to
interact with the computer
 Mouse, keyboard, printer, screen…

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 1.3 The Java Language
 In 1991, James Gosling of Sun
Microsystems designed what
would become the Java
programming language
 Java was originally designed for
programming consumer devices,
but it was first successfully used
to write Internet applets
 An applet is typically embedded
inside a web page and runs in the
context of a browser

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 Java Virtual Machines
 Source code

 Portable ‘byte code’

 The compiler generates
byte code in a ‘class’ file
which can be run on any
Java Virtual Machine
 Oracle Tutorials

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 The Java API
 The Java Platform consists of two parts:
1) Java Virtual Machine
2) Java API
-- also called libraries
 The Application Programming Interface
(API) is a huge collection of handy software
packages that programmers can use:
 Graphics, user interface, networking, sound,
database, math, and many more

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 The Java SDK
 You need to install the Java SDK (Software
Development Kit) to create Java programs
 Your instructor will suggest one to start with
 Google ‘Java SDK download,’ Get SE version
 Location after installed on Windows will be:
• C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.7.x
• The last few numbers may vary with releases
 The SDK includes programs such as:
 java.exe (Executes Java applications)
 javac.exe (Java compiler)
 javadoc.exe (Javadoc generator)
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 1.4 Programming Environment
 There are many free programming tools available for Java
 Your instructor will suggest one to start with
 Components of an Integrated Development Environment (IDE):
 Source code editor helps programming by:
• Listing line numbers of code
• Color lines of code (comments, text…)
• Auto-indent source code
 Output window
 Debugger

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 An Example IDE

Editor

Output

 Many IDEs are designed specifically for Java programming

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 Your First Program
 Traditional ‘Hello World’ program in Java

 We will examine this program in the next section

 Typing it into your IDE would be good practice!
 Be careful of spelling
 JaVa iS CaSe SeNsItiVe
 Java uses special characters, e.g. { } ( ) ;

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 Text Editor Programming
 You can also use a simple text editor such as Notepad to write your source code
 Once saved as HelloPrinter.java, you can use a console window to:
1) Compile the program
2) Run the program

Compile

Output Execute

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 Source Code to Running Program

 The compiler generates the .class file which

contains instructions for the Java Virtual machine
 Class files contain ‘byte code’ that you cannot edit
 D:\temp\hello>Type HelloPrinter.class
 ╩■║╛ 2 ↔ ♠ ☼ ► ↕ ‼ ¶ § ▬☺ ♠<init>☺ ♥()V☺ ♦Code☺
☼LineNumberTable☺ ♦main▬([Ljava/lang/String;)V☺
 Hello, World! elloPrinter.java♀ ↨♀ ↑ ↓☺

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 Organize your work
 Your ‘source code’ is stored
in .java files
 Create one folder per program
 Can be many .java files
 Be sure you know where your
IDE stores your files!
 Backup your work!

Backup your work to a Flash Drive, external

hard drive, or network drive that is backed up
nightly.

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 1.5 Analyzing your First Program

1: Declares a ‘class’ HelloPrinter

-- Every Java program has one or more classes.
3: Declares a method called ‘main’
-- Every Java application has exactly one ‘ main’ method
-- Entry point where the program starts
5: Method System.out.println outputs ‘Hello, World!’
-- A statement must end with a semicolon (;)

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 Syntax 1.1: The Java Program
 Every application has the same basic layout
 Add your ‘code’ inside the main method

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 Calling Java Library methods

 Line 5 shows how to ‘call’ a ‘method’ from the Java API:

System.out.println
 Code that somebody else wrote for you!
 Notice the dots (periods)
 Parenthesis surround the arguments that you ‘pass’ to a method
 We are passing a String “Hello World”
• Note the double quotes which denote a String inside
 You can also print numerical values
• System.out.println(3 + 4);

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 Getting to know println
 The println method prints a string or a number and then
starts a new line.

System.out.println("Hello" Hello
); World!
System.out.println("Worl
println has a ‘cousin’ method named
 d!”);

print that does not print a new line.

System.out.print("00"); 007
00
System.out.println(3+4);
A method is called by specifying
the method and its agruments

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 1.6 Errors
 The Two Categories of Errors:
1) Compile-time Errors
• Syntax Errors
– Spelling, Capitalization, punctuation
– Ordering of statements, matching of braces/parenthesis…
• No .class file is generated by the compiler
• Correct first error listed, then compile again
2) Run-time Errors
• Logic Errors
• Program runs, but produces unintended results
• Program may ‘crash’
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 Syntax Errors

 What happens if you

 Misspell a word: System.ou.println
 Don’t Capitalize a word system.out.println
 Leave out a word void
 Forget a Semicolon after ("Hello, World!")
 Don’t match a curly brace? Remove line 6
 Try it to see what error messages are generated

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 Logic Errors

 What happens if you

 Divide by Zero
System.out.println(1/0);
 Mis-spell output ("Hello, Word!")
 Forget to output Remove line 5
 Programs will compile and run
 The output may not be as expected
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 1.7 Problem Solving: Algorithm Design
 Algorithms are simply plans
 Detailed plans that describe the steps to solve
a specific problem
 You already know quite a few
 Calculate the area of a circle
 Find the length of the hypotenuse of a triangle
 Some problems are more complex and
require more steps
 Calculate PI to 100 decimal places
 Calculate the trajectory of a missile
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 Algorithm Defined
 An algorithm describes a
sequence of steps that is:
 Unambiguous
• Do not require ‘assumptions’
• Uses precise instructions
 Executable
• Can be carried out in practice
 Terminating
• Will eventually come to an end

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