VIEWING AND
RECORDING OF
INTENSIFIED
IMAGE
Done and presented by:
ABRAHAM JACOB.C
231142005
Modern Fluoroscopic System
Components
FLUOROSCOPIC UNIT
CLOSED-CIRCUIT
TELEVISION
The components of a television system are a camera, camera control
unit, and monitor
CLOSED-CIRCUIT
TELEVISION
• A lens system or fibre optic conveys the fluoroscopic image
from the output phosphor to the video camera.
• Where it is converted into a series of electrical pulses called
the video signal.
• Signal is transmitted through a cable to the camera control
unit where it is amplified and then forwarded through another
cable to the TV monitor.
• Monitor converts video signal back into the original image for
TELEVISON CAMERA
•Thermionic TV camera tube
•Solid state charge-coupled
device(CCD)
THERMIONIC TV
CAMERA
Works on principle of
photoconductivity or
photoemission.
• Vidicon
• Plumbicon
• Hivicon
VIDICON CAMERA
PARTS OF THE VIDICON
CAMERA
• Small electronic vacuum tube-1 in. in
diameter & 6 in. in length.
• Surrounded by coils- Electromagnetic
focusing coil & Electrostatic deflecting coils.
• Cathode-thermionic emission.
• Anode-Accelerates electrons to the anode
• Control grid
ANODE
• Extends across the target end as a fine wire
mesh.
• +ve potential of approx.250V with respect to
the cathode.
PART Function Material
• Target assembly constitute of 3
Maintains vacuum in the
layers
GLASS FACE PLATE GLASS
tube
Electrical conductivity Thin transparent film or
SIGNAL PLATE
(25V) graphite
Antimony sulphate
TARGET photoconductivity
gobules in mica matrix
OTHER PARTS
• Electromagnetic focusing coils- constant
magnetic field parallel to long axis of tube---
makes the beam narrow bundle -prevents
spreading of beam- Because the beam has to
scan the fine mosaic of photoconductive
globules..
• Deflecting coil—steers the electron beam, 2
pairs:
•
BASIC FLUOROSCOPIC IMAGING
CHAIN
VIODEO SIGNAL
FORMATION
PLUMBICON
• Works on principle of
Photoconductivity.
• Photoconductor used is LEAD
MONOXIDE.
• Larger than vidicon
• Faster response, less movement blur
is seen.
• Resolution of detail is poorer.
DISADVANTAGE OF TELEVISION
CAMERA
• Larger in size.
• Poor resolution compared to CCD.
• Low SNR
• High maintenance
• High flickering
• Fluctuation in electricity supply may
lead to loss of frames per second.
CCD
•Use visible light to form an image.
•▫ It is a semiconductor device.
•▫ Silicon(photodiode) used as IC chip arranged in a
•matrix known as pixel.
•▫ The silicon surface of the CCD is photosensitive –
as
•visible light falls on each pixel, electrons are
liberated
•and build up in the pixel
CCD
Light photons
Focused on the electric
cathode
Electrons proportional to light intensity
Electrons captured in light
buckets
ADVANTAGES OF CCD
• High spatial • No maintenance
• Unlimited life
resolution
• Unaffected by magnetic
• High SNR fields
• No warm-up • Linear response
required
• Lower patient radiation
dose
TELEVISION MONITOR
• Last link in television chain.
• Contains the picture tube & the controls
regulating brightness and contrast.
• Electron gun
• Control grid
• Anode focusing coil
• Deflecting coil
• Ion trap
TELEVISION MONITOR
TELEVISION MONITOR
• Focusing and deflecting coils control electron beam.
• Brightness of individual dot is controlled by control grid.
• Receives video signal from camera control unit.
• Regulate no. of electrons in the beam.
• Anode plated onto the inside surface of picture tube near
the fluorescent screen.
• Carries higher +ve potential -10,000V
• Electron strike fluorescent screen at the flared end-emit
large no. of
• photons, MAKES THE VISIBLE IMAGE.
COLOUR TELEVISION
MONITOR
• 3 electron guns – one for each
color
• Screen made up of 3 different
fluorescent material.
• Made up of alternating dots of
three colours.
TELEVISION SCANNING
Interlaced horizontal
scanning
TELEVISION SCANNING
OTHER TYPES OF DISPLAY
MONITORS
LCD LED
• Flat ,with space • An LED display is a flat panel
display, which uses an array
saving design of light- emitting diodes as
• Thinner and weighs pixels for a video display.
less • More compact
• More adjustable •
•
Brighter
• Produces less heat •
Enable better contrast ratios
Consumes less energy
• High peak intensity • Produces much less heat
produces bright • High service life
RECORDING OF
INTENSIFIED
IMAGE
BASIC FLUOROSCOPIC IMAGING
CHAIN
LIGHT
IMAGE { •Photo spot camera
•Cine camera
ELECTRONIC
IMAGE { •Magnetic tape
•Magnetic disc 1.8GB
•Optical disc 50MB-6-8GB
SPOT FILM RECORDER
• X-ray film cassette interposed between the x-
ray beam & the image intensifier.
• Exposure uses fluoroscopic kVp(80-90) and a
higher mA 300-400.
• Photo timer controls the length of exposure.
Part ¾ to 1 sec Exposure
position position
delay
PHOTOSPOT CAMERA (SPOT FILM
CAMERA)
• A spot film camera records the image
output of Image Intensifier on a film.
• Types :
• 105 mm & 70 mm camera using roll
film.
• 100 mm camera using sheet film.
• Capable of recording images at the
rate of 1
FRAMING WITH SPOT FILM
CAMERAS
CINEFLUOROGRAPHY
• Process of recording images on movie(cine) film.
• Beam splitting mirror allows cine recording.
• Cine camera records from the output phosphor
through a series of lenses and mirrors.
• Movie camera intercepts image
• 16 mm and 35 mm formats
• Record series of static exposures at high speed
• 30 – 60 frames per second
COMPONENTS
• Lens
• Iris diaphragm
• Shutter
• Aperture
• Pressure plate
• Pull down arm
• Film transport mechanism.
COMPONENTS
TV IMAGE RECORDERS
• It involves recording the electrical signal
from tv camera.
• This group of recorders include:
• Tape recorders
• Magnetic disc recorders.
• Optical disc recorders.
• The three recorders may employ either
analog or digital signals.
MAGNETIC TAPE
RECORDERS
MAGNETIC TAPE
RECORDERS
OTHER DEVICES
REFERENCE
S
X-ray equipment for student
radiographers by Chesney, D.
Noreen
Christensen's Physics of Diagnostic
Radiology
THANK
YOU
