ARYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

SUBMITTED TO:BHARAT BHUSHAN JAIN HOD,DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL

SUBMITTED BY:CHETAN SHARMA SACHIN KUMAWAT SHAILENDRA GAUTAM PURUSHOTAM NAGAR EE- 3rd YEAR

CONTENTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. PRINCIPLE

:-

INTRODUCTION

TYPES OF MHD GENERATOR GENERATOR EFFICIENCY ECONOMICS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES APPLICATIONS NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

10. CONCLUSIONS

INTRODUCTION:1. The MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) generator or dynamo transforms thermal energy or kinetic energy directly into electricity. 2. MHD generators are different from traditional electric generators in that they can operate at high temperatures without moving parts. 3. MHD was developed because the exhaust of a plasma MHD generator is a flame, still able to heat the boilers of a steam power plant. So high-temperature MHD was developed as a topping cycle to increase the efficiency of electric generation, especially when burning coal or natural gas. 4. There are two types of MHD Dyanmos:[Link] dyanmos 2. Mechanical dyanmos

PRINCIPLE:The Lorentz Force Law describes the effects of a charged particle moving in a constant magnetic field. The simplest form of this law is given by the vector equation. It works on Lorentz Right hand Rule.

where F is the force acting on the particle, Q is charge of particle, v is velocity of particle, B is magnetic field.

Fig:- MHD GENERATOR

TYPES OF MHD GENERATOR:There are three types of MHD generator. 1. FARADAY GENERATOR 2. HALL GENERATOR 3. DISC GENERATOR

1. FARADAY GENERATOR:1. 2. A simple Faraday generator would consist of a wedge-shaped pipe or tube of some non-conductive material. When an electrically conductive fluid flows through the tube, in the presence of a significant perpendicular magnetic field, a charge is induced in the field, which can be drawn off as electrical power by placing the electrodes on the sides at 90 degree angles to the magnetic field. The main practical problem of a Faraday generator is that differential voltages and currents in the fluid short through the electrodes on the sides of the duct. The most powerful waste is from the Hall effect current.

3.

2. HALL GENERATOR:1. It use the Hall effect to create a current that flows with the [Link] are less than a Faraday generator, and voltages are higher because there is less shorting of the final induced current. However, this design has problems because the speed of the material flow is low.

2.

3. DISC GENERATOR:1. 2. 3. This design currently holds the efficiency and energy density records for MHD generation. A disc generator has fluid flowing between the center of a disc. The Faraday currents flow in a perfect dead short around the periphery of the [Link], it has more significant than faraday and hall generator.

Generator Efficiency:1. 2. As of 1994, the 22% efficiency record for closed-cycle disc MHD generators was held by Tokyo Technical Institute. The peak enthalpy extraction in these experiments reached 30.2%. Typical open-cycle Hall & duct coal MHD generators are lower, near 17%. These efficiencies make MHD unattractive, by itself, for utility power generation, since conventional Rankine cycle power plants easily reach 40%

3.

ECONOMICS:1. MHD generators have not been employed for large scale mass energy conversion because other techniques with comparable efficiency have a lower lifecycle investment cost. 2. Superconducting magnets are used in the larger MHD . generators to eliminate one of the large parasitic losses: the power needed to energize the electromagnet.

Toxic byproducts:1. MHD reduces overall production of hazardous fossil fuel wastes because it increases plant efficiency. 2. The alkali metals commonly used as MHD fluids react violently with water.

ADVANTAGES OF MHD GENERATOR:1. The conversion Efficiency of a MHD system can be 50% as compared to less than 40 percent for the most efficient steam plants. 2. Large amount of power is generated. It has no moving parts, so more reliable. 3. It has ability to reach the full power level as soon as started. Because of higher efficiency, the overall generation cost of an MHD plant will be less. 4. The Closed cycle system produces power free of pollution.

DISADVANTAGES:1. It require more water because it works on high temperature due to cooling process. 2. Its performance is < 40% and should be higher for the MHD topping cycle to more efficient than an bottoming cycle.

Applications:1. Power generation in space craft. 2. Hypersonic wind tunnel experiments. 3. Defense application

NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH:1. The commercial use of MHD concept has not been possible because numerous technological

advancements are needed prior to commercialization of MHD systems. 2. Most of these are related to material problem created by the simultaneous presence of high temperature and a highly corrosive and abrasive environment. 3. The MHD channel operates extreme conditions of temperature, magnetic and electric fields.

CONCLUSION:1. With the increased industrial and agricultural activities, power demand is also highly increased. 2. In the country is sure to fall short of the energy demand by the first decade of next century. This means an additional capacity of power is required next 10 year. 3. It will not be long before the technological problem of MHD generate are overcome. 4. MHD power generation transform itself from non-conventional to conventional energy sources.