OSI NETWORK MODEL
• The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model
began as a reference model, but has since been
implemented.
• It was created by the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) to provide a logical
framework for how data communication processes
should interact across networks.
OSI NETWORK MODEL
(BASICS)
OSI MODEL LAYERS
• There are 7 layers in the OSI model. Each layer is responsible
for a particular aspect of data communication.
• For example, one layer may be responsible for establishing
connections between devices, while another layer may be
responsible for error checking during transfer.
• The layers of the OSI model are divided into two groups: the
upper layer and lower layer.
• The upper layers focus on user applications and how files are
represented on the computers prior to transport.
• For the most part, network engineers are more concerned with
the lower layers.
• It's the lower layers that concentrate on how the
communication across a network actually occurs.
APPLICATION LAYER
o The Application layer provides network services directly to the user's
application such as a web browser, email software and Windows
Explorer. This layer is said to be "closest to the user".
o Protocols that operate on this layer include: TELNET, HTTP, FTP,
TFTP, SMTP, NTP, SNMP, EDI.
PRESENTATION LAYER
o This layer 'represents' the data in a particular format to the Application
layer. It defines encryption, compression, conversion and other coding
functions.
o Specifications defined at this layer include: GIF, TIFF, JPEG, MPEG,
MIME, and ASCII.
SESSION LAYER
o The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization
o This layer requests for a logical connection to be established on an end-
user’s request.
o Any necessary log-on or password validation is also handled by this layer.
o Session layer is also responsible for terminating the connection.
o This layer provides services like dialogue discipline which can be full
duplex or half duplex.
o Session layer can also provide check-pointing mechanism such that if a
failure of some sort occurs between checkpoints, all data can be
retransmitted from the last checkpoint.
TRANSPORT LAYER
o Purpose of this layer is to provide a reliable mechanism for
the exchange of data between two processes in different
computers.
o Ensures that the data units are delivered error free.
o Ensures that data units are delivered in sequence.
o Ensures that there is no loss or duplication of data units.
o Provides connectionless or connection oriented service.
o Provides for the connection management.
o Multiplex multiple connection over a single channel.
NETWORK LAYER
o Implements routing of frames (packets) through the network.
o Defines the most optimum path the packet should take from the
source to the destination
o Defines logical addressing so that any endpoint can be identified.
o Handles congestion in the network.
o Facilitates interconnection between heterogeneous networks
(Internetworking).
o The network layer also defines how to fragment a packet into smaller
packets to accommodate different media.
DATA LINK LAYER
o Data link layer attempts to provide reliable communication
over the physical layer interface.
o Breaks the outgoing data into frames and reassemble the
received frames.
o Create and detect frame boundaries.
o Handle errors by implementing an acknowledgement and
retransmission scheme.
o Implement flow control.
o Supports points-to-point as well as broadcast communication.
o Supports simplex, half-duplex or full-duplex communication.
PHYSICAL LAYER
o Provides physical interface for transmission of information.
o Defines rules by which bits are passed from one system to
another on a physical communication medium.
o Covers all - mechanical, electrical, functional and
procedural - aspects for physical communication.
o Such characteristics as voltage levels, timing of voltage
changes, physical data rates, maximum transmission
distances, physical connectors, and other similar attributes
are defined by physical layer specifications.
