CHAPTER 1 CONCEPT

OF GLOBALIZATION
Globality (steger)
Is a SOCIAL CONDITION characterized by
tight economic, political, cultural,
environmental interconnectedness and
flows, making currently existing borders
and boundaries irrelevant.
End point/ goal of globalization
Globalization
SOCIAL PROCESS reshaping and remaking the
world order.
PHENOMENON of spreading worldwide
practices, relations, consciousness, and
organization of social life.
Definition of Held&McGrew
“Refers to A multidimensional set of SOCIAL
PROCESSES that create, multiply, stretch and intensify
worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges
while at the same time fostering in people a growing
awareness of deepening connection between the local
and the distant.
Globalization as a Multidimentional process

1. Economic Globalization
2. Political Globalization
3. Cultural Globalization
Economic Globalization
Increasing Linkages of national economies
through TRADE, financial flows, foreign direct
investments by multinational firms.
Close examination of the evolving structure of
global economic markets and their principal
institutions.
Economic systems
Power of Transnational Corporation (TNCs)
Political Globalization
Power-relations among nation-states
Issues on state sovereignty
Impacts of intergovernmental
organizations
Prospects of global governance
Cultural Globalization
Does globalization increase cultural homogeneity
or led to greater cultural hetography?
Appadurai’s 5 conceptual dimension or scapes
constituted by cultural flows:
1. ethnoscapes – Shifting population
2. Technoscapes – Development of technologies
3. Finanscapes – flow of global capital
4. Mediascapes – electronic capabilities to produce and
disseminate information ( doctrine of the post truth
era)
5. Ideoscapes- ideologies of sattes and social
movement.
Globalization as a phenomenon( 4
distinct qualities/characteristics)
Creation and multiplication
INNOVATION
Social and cultural activities break traditional norms
Expansion and stretching
-Local economies open to other parts of the world
Intensification and Acceleration
-Digital Age/ Post-modern era
-the farthest have the access to the reach of the central portion of
global events
Consciousness and awareness
-PEOPLE as primary actors of globalization; they impact the
outcomes of globalization
Global imaginary- consciousness of belonging to the global comm.
Forces and drivers of globalization
-Economics
-Politics
-Culture
-Environment
-Individuals and institutions
-Technology
Why is globalization relevant?
• Cure to our Parochialism
• Allows us to compare our society
• We interact with it
Hyperglobalist
• -perspective as an approach with sees
globalization as a new epoch in human history
• Totally agrees with the advantages of
globalization
• Optimist view of globalization
Globalization Critics
• Rejectionist
-Globalization is a myth
-Totally disagree to globalization
• Skeptics
-Globalization is only for the rich countries
-Don’t totally agree with the arguments of globalization
-Westernization rather than globalization
• Modifiers
-Globalization is not new
-Those who refer to globalization as a recent process miss
the bigger picture and fall prey to their narrow historical
framework
Theoretical Approaches
Realism
-POWER TO DOMINATE AND CONTROL
-Core idea of dominating the world is through the
employment of POWER
economic power-market and resources
political power- military and territory
Technological power- logistics and systems
-Countries that have the power to dominate and control the
world are those economies that have the powers to affect
and influence the operation worldwide.
- Realist countries open their economy:
Economic opportunities
interdependence( will act alone if necessary)
-Adheres to the Principle of ‘self help’
-Machiavellian principle “ better to be feared than loved”
-Statism: the state has the substantial centralized control over
social and economic affairs
LIBERALISM
-RELATIONSHIPS AND NEGOTIATIONS
-Importance of INTERACTION and COMMUNICATION
and focus on solving problems and conflicts affecting them.
-Diplomacy as a response to avoid conflict
To avoid international conflict, negotiations and dialogue
are potential mechanism in confronting issues among
parties.
LIBERALISM
FACTORS
1. Spread of democracy and institutions
-not use threat to intimidate/harm other nations
-Vital functions of rule of law
-Transparency as measurement in maintaining
international cooperation and global understanding
-Democracy has been utilized as a sociopolical
apparatus in challenging political actors who acy beyond
their power and control
-people as main engine of reforming political
institutions
2. Global economic ties
-Market integration and alliance
-promotion of free market
-Global economy works in a single and unified sysytem
-Core belief is that economic alliance and integrating
domestic economy into regional or economic bloc will
deliver prosperity and moral understanding of multi-state I
nterest
IDEALISM
-Has the attributes of liberalism

-Notion that values, a norms play pivotal roles in sustaining

and reforming the process and works of individuals, group,
and nations.

-This theory emphasizes on the functions of ideologies,

frameworks, systems, and identifies in understanding
globalization and international order.

-its core beliefs center on the centrality of ideas, beliefs,

emotions, and collective values that shape the political and
economic landscapes of the world
IDEALISM
• Alexander Wendt and Hugh Ruggie are the two most
prominent founders of this school of thought.

-Idealism presents the changing norms and evolutions of

individuals, groups, and states with the goal of influencing the
dynamics and pattern of social structure.

-They value the importance of appropriateness and

transparency in reshaping and framing rules affecting the
general welfare of its member, may it be individual or
collective. Idealists emphasize appropriate policies and
decisions during the state of conflict as it advances the moral
aspects and ethical dynamics of actions.
IDEALISM
IDEAS- are non-material entities of culture; it embodies
one’s perceptions of his social world or environment. It
defines on how values, norms, and beliefs are used by
government and institutions in hold and exercising of
power(Nau, 2008)

INTERNATIONAL INTITUTIONS - are classified

intergovernmental organizations that are formed by
national governments. These are international formal
organization that set rules and with purpose of
regulating the flow of communication and movement of
resources, Government engaged in internationalizing their
organizations because of retaining and asserting control
over global t ransformation