Health Informatics

Terminologies:
An Introduction

HIBBs is a program of the Global

Health Informatics Partnership
 Learning objectives

At the end of this lesson the student will able

to:
Define what health informatics is and discuss
its application
Define common health informatics
terminologies
Define the sub-domains of health informatics
and identify applications for each sub-domain
 What is Informatics?

Informatics is the application of information

technologies to optimize the information
management function within an organization

How does it differ from

> Information Technology?
> Information Science?
> Computer Science?
 Information Technology
“is the study, design, development,
implementation, support or management of
computer-based information systems,
particularly software applications and
computer hardware’’
 Information Science
“is an interdisciplinary science primarily
concerned with the analysis, collection,
classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval
and dissemination of information”
(Merriam-Webster and American Heritage Dictionary)
 Computer Science

“is the study of the theoretical foundations of

information and computation and of practical
techniques for their implementation and
application in computer systems”
(Denning et al., 1989)
 What is Information?

“Information is data that has been processed

into a form that is meaningful to the
recipient”
(Davis & Olson, 1985)

What is the DIKW hierarchy?

 Data, Information, Knowledge,
Wisdom (DIKW)
Data: unorganized and unprocessed facts;
static; a set of discrete facts about events
No meaning attached to it as a result of which it
may have multiple meanings
Example: what does “Alex” mean?

Information: aggregation of data that

makes decision making easier
Meaning is attached and contextualized
Answers questions: what, who, when, where)
(Zins, 2007)
 DIKW (continued)

Knowledge: includes facts about real world

entities and the relationship between them

It is an understanding gained through

experience
 Answers the ‘how’ question
(Zins, 2007)
Wisdom: are embodies principles, insight
and moral by integrating knowledge.
Knowledge Answers ‘why’ questions.
 Information System
Is any combination of information technology
and people's activities using that technology
to support operations, management, and
decision making
 In a broad sense, refers to the interaction
between people, algorithmic processes, data and
technology
 In a narrow sense, refers to the specific
application software that is used to store data
records in a computer system and automate
activities
 What is Health Informatics?
“The intersection of information science, computer
science, and health care” (Wikipedia)
Deals with the resources, devices, and methods
required to optimize the acquisition, storage,
retrieval, and use of information in health and
biomedicine

The tools include computers, clinical guidelines,

formal medical terminologies, and information and
communication systems
 Origins of Informatics

In 1957, the German computer scientist Karl

Steinbuch coined the word Informatik by
publishing a paper called Informatik: Automatische
Informationsverarbeitung ("Informatics: Automatic
Information Processing")

1962 France, Phillipe Dreyfus, a French

information system/software pioneer —
combination of “information” and “automatic”
 Informatics Today

In Europe, today “Informatics” = Computer

Science
In U.S., today widely used in application
contexts, e.g., medical informatics, chemical
informatics, bioinformatics
Sub-domains of Health Informatics 
 Clinical informatics  Veterinary informatics 
 Medical informatics   Consumer health
 Nursing informatics  informatics
 Public health  eHealth 
informatics  Clinical research
 Bioinformatics  informatics 
 Imaging informatics   Translational research
 Pharmacy informatics informatics
 Dental informatics   etc.
 Clinical Informatics
Use of information in health care by clinicians
Clinical informaticians use their knowledge of
patient care combined with their understanding of
informatics concepts, methods, and health
informatics tools to:
 Assess information and knowledge needs of health
care professionals and patients
 Develop, implement, and refine clinical decision
support systems and
 Develop health informatics tools which promote patient
care that is safe, efficient, effective, timely, patient-
centered, and equitable
(Gardner RM, Overhage JM, Steen EB, et al., 2009)
 Medical Informatics

“Medical Informatics is the branch of science

concerned with the use of computers and
communication technology to acquire, store,
analyze, communicate, and display medical
information and knowledge to facilitate
understanding and improve the accuracy,
timeliness, and reliability of decision making”
(Warner, Sorenson and Bouhaddou, 1997)
 Nursing Informatics

“a combination of computer science,

information science, and nursing science
designed to assist in the management and
processing of nursing data, information, and
knowledge to support nursing practice,
education, research, and administration“
(Graves & Corcoran, 1989)
 Public Health Informatics
“the systematic application of information and
computer science and technology to public
health practice, research and learning”
Activities may include:
 Collection and storage of vital statistics
 Collection and reporting of communicable
diseases
 Disease surveillance

 Display disease statistics and trends

 Immunization

 Hospital statistics (O’Carroll et al., 2002)

 Bioinformatics
 Bioinformatics, is the application of statics and
computer science to the field of molecular biology. It
is also defined as the sum of the computational
approaches to analyze, manage, and store biological
data.
Common activities in bioinformatics include:
 Mapping and analyzing DNA and protein sequences
 Aligning different DNA and protein sequences to
compare them and
 Creating and viewing 3-D models of protein
structures
 Wikipedia , [Link]
 Imaging Informatics

Also called Radiology Informatics or Medical

Imaging Informatics
It is devoted to the study of how information
about and contained within medical images is
retrieved, analyzed, enhanced, and
exchanged throughout the medical enterprise
(Branstetter, 2007)
 Pharmacy Informatics
Is a sub-discipline of Health Informatics that
deals with the integration of information
technology and its applications into the
pharmaceutical practice
(University of Illinois at Chicago, 2009)
Focuses on leveraging technology systems to
ensure optimal patient safety, compliance,
and health outcomes
 Medication selection
 Use and

 Administration
 Dental Informatics
Is the application of computer and information
science to improve dental practice, research,
and program administration
(Eisner 1992)
 Veterinary Informatics

“Is the discipline concerned with the

applications of information science,
engineering, and computer technology to
support veterinary teaching, research, and
practice”
(Association for Veterinary Informatics)
 Consumer Health Informatics
 “the branch of medical informatics that analyses
consumers’ needs for information; studies and
implements methods of making information accessible
to consumers; and models and integrates consumers’
preferences into medical information systems”
(Eysenbach, 2000)

 A subspecialty of medical informatics

 Studies from a patient/consumer perspective the
use of electronic information
 Focuses on patients as the primary users of health
information
 eHealth

 eHealth is also written “e-health”

 “is defined as the use of emerging interactive
technologies (e.g., Internet, CD-ROMs, personal
digital assistants, interactive television and voice
response systems, computer kiosks, and mobile
computing) to enable health improvement and
health care services”
(Ahern et al., 2006)
 Electronic Medical Records (EMR)
The 2003 IOM Patient Safety Report describes an
EMR as encompassing:
 “A longitudinal collection of electronic health
information for and about persons
 [immediate] Electronic access to person- and
population-level information by authorized users
 Provision of knowledge and decision-support
systems [that enhance the quality, safety, and
efficiency of patient care] and
 Support for efficient processes for health care
delivery"
(IOM, 2003)
 mHealth
“…the provision of health-related services
via mobile communications”
(Vital Wave Consulting, 2009)
 mHealth applications include:
 the use of mobile devices in collecting
community and clinical health data
 delivery of healthcare information to
practitioners, researchers, and patients
 real-time monitoring of patient vital signs and
direct provision of care (via mobile
telemedicine)
 Telemedicine
“the use of electronic signals to transfer medical
data from one site to another via the internet,
telephones, PCs, satellites, or videoconferencing
equipment in order to improve access to health
care”
(Brown, 1996)
telemedicine can be
 As simple as two doctors talking about a patient
through the telephone or
 As complex as a sophisticated global hospital enterprise
network that supports real-time remote surgical
operations
 Different Types of Telemedicine
Telesurgery: the ability for a doctor to
perform surgery on a patient even though they
are not physically in the same location
(Wikipedia)
Teleradiology: the transmission of radiological
patient images, such as x-rays, CTs, and MRIs,
from one location to another for the purposes of
interpretation and/or consultation
Telecare: The use of telecommunication
systems to provide remote assistance in
therapy to patients (Mantas & Hasman, 2002)
 Different types of telemedicine
TeleHealth
The delivery of health-related services and
information via telecommunications
technologies
 Could be:
 As simple as two health professionals discussing a
case over the telephone, or
 As sophisticated as using videoconferencing
between providers at facilities in two countries, or
as complex as robotic technology
 References
 Ahern, D.K. et al., 2006. What is eHealth: perspectives on the evolution of eHealth
research. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 8(1).
 Association for Veterinary Informatics. [Link] accessed on Jan 20,
2011.
 Branstetter, B.F., 2007. Basics of Imaging Informatics. Radiology, 243(3), 656 -667.
 Comer, D.E. et al., 1989. Computing as a discipline. P. J. Denning, ed. Communications
of the ACM, 32, 9–23.
 Davis, G.B. & Olson, M.H., 1985. Management Information Systems, 2nd ed., McGraw-
Hill Inc., U.S.
 Eisner, J., 1999. The future of dental informatics. European Journal of Dental Education, 3
Suppl 1, 61-69.
 Eysenbach, G., 2000. Consumer health informatics. BMJ, 320(7251), 1713 -1716.
 Gardner, R.M. et al., 2009. Core content for the subspecialty of clinical informatics.
Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association: JAMIA, 16(2), 153-157.
 Giannakakis, N. & Poravas, E., 2006. Knowledge management in medicine. In Handbook
of Research on Informatics in Healthcare and Biomedicine. Pennsylvania: IGI Global.
 Graves, J.R. & Corcoran, S., 1989. The study of nursing informatics. Image--the Journal
of Nursing Scholarship, 21(4), 227-231.
 
 References
 Institute of Medicine, 2003. Patient Safety: Achieving a New Standard for Care, Institute
of Medicine.
 Lazakidou, A.L., (Editor) 2006. Handbook of Research on Informatics in Healthcare and
Biomedicine, 1st ed., Idea Group Publishing.
 Merriam-Webster and American Heritage Dictionary, 2007.
 NYU Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics. What is Health Informatics?
[Link]
 O'Carroll, P.W. et al., 2002. Public Health Informatics and Information Systems, 1st ed.,
Springer.
 Shortliffe, E.H. & Cimino, J.J., 2006. Biomedical Informatics: Computer Applications in
Health Care and Biomedicine, 3rd ed., Springer.
 Vital Wave Consulting ,2009. mHealth for development: The opportunity of mobile
technology for healthcare in the Developing World. Washington, D.C. and Berkshire, UK:
UN Foundation-Vodafone Foundation Partnership.
 Zins, C., 2007. Conceptual approaches for defining data, information, and knowledge.
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology.
 HIBBs is a program of the Global Health
Informatics Partnership
[Link]

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