c h a p t e r
2
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS IN THE
ENTERPRISE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• ANALYZE ROLES OF 6 TYPES OF
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
• DESCRIBE TYPES OF INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
• ANALYZE RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN BUSINESS
PROCESSES
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• EXPLAIN HOW SYSTEMS &
NETWORKS CREATE NEW
EFFICIENCIES
• EVALUATE BENEFITS &
LIMITATIONS OF SYSTEMS &
NETWORKS
*
MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
• KEY SYSTEM APPLICATIONS
• FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE OF
SYSTEMS
• INTEGRATING FUNCTIONS &
PROCESSES
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MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
1. INTEGRATION: Different systems serve
variety of functions, connecting
organizational levels difficult, costly
2. ENLARGING SCOPE OF
MANAGEMENT THINKING: Huge
system investments, long development
time must be guided by common
objectives
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TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
KIND OF SYSTEM GROUPS SERVED
STRATEGIC LEVEL SENIOR
MANAGERS
MANAGEMENT LEVEL MIDDLE
MANAGERS
KNOWLEDGE LEVEL KNOWLEDGE &
DATA WORKERS
OPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL
LEVEL MANAGERS
SALES & MANUFACTURING FINANCE ACCOUNTING HUMAN
MARKETING RESOURCES
MAJOR TYPES OF SYSTEMS
• EXECUTIVE SUPPORT SYSTEMS (ESS)
• DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS (DSS)
• MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS)
• KNOWLEDGE WORK SYSTEMS (KWS)
• OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEMS (OAS)
• TRANSACTION PROCESSING
SYSTEMS (TPS)
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TYPICAL TPS APPLICATIONS
Sales & Marketing Systems
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS:
• Sales management, market research,
promotion, pricing, new products
MAJOR APPLICATION SYSTEMS:
• Sales order info system, market
research system, pricing system
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TYPICAL TPS APPLICATIONS
Manufacturing & Production Systems
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS:
• Scheduling, purchasing, shipping,
receiving, engineering, operations
MAJOR APPLICATION SYSTEMS:
• Materials resource planning systems,
purchase order control systems,
engineering systems, quality control
systems
*
TYPICAL TPS APPLICATIONS
Finance & Accounting Systems
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS:
• Budgeting, general ledger, billing,
cost accounting
MAJOR APPLICATION SYSTEMS:
• General ledger, accounts receivable,
accounts payable, budgeting, funds
management systems
*
TYPICAL TPS APPLICATIONS
Human Resources Systems
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS:
• Personnel records, benefits,
compensation, labor relations,
training
MAJOR APPLICATION SYSTEMS:
• Payroll, employee records, benefit
systems, career path systems,
personnel training systems
*
TYPICAL TPS APPLICATIONS
Other Types (e.g., University)
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEMS:
• Admissions, grade records, course
records, alumni
MAJOR APPLICATION SYSTEMS:
• Registration system, student
transcript system, curriculum class
control system, alumni benefactor
system
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KNOWLEDGE WORK SYSTEMS (KWS)
KNOWLEDGE LEVEL
• INPUTS: DESIGN SPECS
• PROCESSING: MODELLING
• OUTPUTS: DESIGNS, GRAPHICS
• USERS: TECHNICAL STAFF
EXAMPLE: ENGINEERING WORK
STATION
OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEMS (OAS)
• TOWARD A “PAPERLESS” OFFICE
• REDESIGN OF WORK FLOW
• INTEGRATED SOFTWARE
• ERGONOMIC DESIGN
(R.S. b/n work & envmt)
• BRIGHT, CHEERFUL
WORK SPACE
EXAMPLE: PRESENTATION GRAPHICS
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
SYSTEMS (MIS)
MANAGEMENT LEVEL
• INPUTS: HIGH VOLUME DATA
• PROCESSING: SIMPLE MODELS
• OUTPUTS: SUMMARY REPORTS
• USERS: MIDDLE MANAGERS
EXAMPLE: ANNUAL BUDGETING
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION
SYSTEMS (MIS)
• STRUCTURED & SEMI-
STRUCTURED DECISIONS
• REPORT CONTROL ORIENTED
• PAST & PRESENT DATA
• INTERNAL ORIENTATION
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TPS DATA FOR MIS APPLICATIONS
TPS MIS
Order Processing SALES
DATA
System
ORDER FILE UNIT
PRODUCT
Materials Resource COST MIS REPORTS
Planning System
PRODUCT
CHANGE
PRODUCTION MASTER FILE
DATA
General Ledger
EXPENSE MANAGERS
System DATA
ACCOUNTING FILES MIS FILES
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS (DSS)
MANAGEMENT LEVEL
• INPUTS: LOW VOLUME DATA
• PROCESSING: INTERACTIVE
• OUTPUTS: DECISION ANALYSIS
• USERS: PROFESSIONALS, STAFF
EXAMPLE: CONTRACT COST ANALYSIS
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS (DSS)
• FLEXIBLE, ADAPTABLE, QUICK
• USER CONTROLS INPUTS/OUTPUTS
• NO PROFESSIONAL PROGRAMMING
• SUPPORTS DECISION PROCESS
• SOPHISTICATED MODELING TOOLS
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EXECUTIVE SUPPORT SYSTEMS (ESS)
STRATEGIC LEVEL
• INPUTS: AGGREGATE DATA
• PROCESSING: INTERACTIVE
• OUTPUTS: PROJECTIONS
• USERS: SENIOR MANAGERS
EXAMPLE: 5 YEAR OPERATING PLAN
EXECUTIVE SUPPORT SYSTEMS (ESS)
• TOP LEVEL MANAGEMENT
• DESIGNED TO THE INDIVIDUAL
• TIES CEO TO ALL LEVELS
• VERY EXPENSIVE TO KEEP UP
• EXTENSIVE SUPPORT STAFF
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INTERRELATIONSHIPS AMONG SYSTEMS
ESS
MIS DSS
KWS
TPS
OAS
SYSTEMS FROM A FUNCTIONAL
PERSPECTIVE
• SALES & MARKETING SYSTEMS
• MANUFACTURING & PRODUCTION
SYSTEMS
• FINANCE & ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS
• HUMAN RESOURCES SYSTEMS
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SALES & MARKETING INFORMATION
SYSTEM
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL
ORDER PROCESSING ENTER, PROCESS, TRACK ORDERS OPERATIONAL
MARKET ANALYSIS IDENTIFY CUSTOMERS & MARKETS KNOWLEDGE
PRICING ANALYSIS DETERMINE PRICES MANAGEMENT
SALES TRENDS PREPARE 5-YEAR FORECASTS STRATEGIC
MANUFACTURING
INFORMATION SYSTEM
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL
MACHINE CONTROL CONTROL ACTIONS OF EQUIPMENT OPERATIONAL
COMPUTER-AIDED-DESIGN DESIGN NEW PRODUCTS KNOWLEDGE
PRODUCTION PLANNING DECIDE NUMBER, SCHEDULE OF PRODUCTS MANAGEMENT
FACILITIES LOCATION DECIDE WHERE TO LOCATE FACILITIES STRATEGIC
FINANCE & ACCOUNTING
INFORMATION SYSTEM
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE TRACK MONEY OWED TO FIRM OPERATIONAL
PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS DESIGN FIRM'S INVESTMENTS KNOWLEDGE
BUDGETING PREPARE SHORT TERM BUDGETS MANAGEMENT
PROFIT PLANNING PLAN LONG-TERM PROFITS STRATEGIC
HUMAN RESOURCES INFORMATION
SYSTEM
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL
TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT TRACK TRAINING, SKILLS, APPRAISALS OPERATIONAL
CAREER PATHING DESIGN EMPLOYEE CAREER PATHS KNOWLEDGE
COMPENSATION ANALYSIS MONITOR WAGES, SALARIES, BENEFITS MANAGEMENT
HUMAN RESOURCES PLANNING PLAN LONG-TERM LABOR FORCE NEEDS STRATEGIC
EXAMPLES OF BUSINESS PROCESSES
• MANUFACTURING & PRODUCTION:
Assembling product, checking
quality, producing bills of materials
• SALES & MARKETING: Identifying
customers, creating customer
awareness, selling
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EXAMPLES OF BUSINESS PROCESSES
• FINANCE & ACCOUNTING: Paying
creditors, creating financial
statements, managing cash accounts
• HUMAN RESOURCES: Hiring
employees, evaluating performance,
enrolling employees in
benefits plans
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SUPPLY-CHAIN MANAGEMENT
ORDER PLANNING &
CUSTOMERS PROCESSING FORECASTING SUPPLIERS
PROCUREMENT
ACCOUNTING INTRANET
PRODUCTION
LOGISTICS
SHIPPING INVENTORY DISTRIBUTORS
SERVICES
HOW INFORMATION SYSTEMS
FACILITATES SUPPLY CHAIN
MANAGEMENT
DECIDE WHEN, WHAT TO PRODUCE, STORE, MOVE…
RAPIDLY COMMUNICATE ORDERS…
TRACK ORDER STATUS…
CHECK INVENTORY AVAILABILITY, MONITOR LEVELS…
TRACK SHIPMENTS…
PLAN PRODUCTION BASED ON ACTUAL DEMAND…
RAPIDLY COMMUNICATE PRODUCT DESIGN CHANGES…
PROVIDE PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS…
SHARE INFORMATION ABOUT DEFECT RATES,
RETURNS...
TRADITIONAL
VIEW OF SYSTEMS
• WITHIN THE BUSINESS: There are
functions, each having its uses of
information systems
• OUTSIDE THE ORGANIZATION’S
BOUNDARIES: There are customers
and vendors
FUNCTIONS TEND TO WORK IN
ISOLATION
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ENTERPRISE SYSTEM
Manufacturing Accounting
Business Processes
Vendors Enterprise-wide Customers
Business Processes
Human
Finance
Resources
Sales &
Marketing
BENEFITS OF ENTERPRISE
SYSTEMS
• FIRM STRUCTURE & ORGANIZATION:
One organization
• MANAGEMENT: Firmwide knowledge-
based management processes
• TECHNOLOGY: Unified platform
• BUSINESS: More efficient operations &
customer-driven business processes
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CHALLENGES OF ENTERPRISE
SYSTEMS
• DAUNTING IMPLEMENTATION
• HIGH UP FRONT COSTS & FUTURE
BENEFITS
• INFLEXIBILITY
• HARD TO REALIZE STRATEGIC
VALUE
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INDUSTRIAL NETWORKS
LINK FIRMS INTO INDUSTRY-WIDE
SYSTEM
• HORIZONTAL: Link firms in same
industry, including competitors
• VERTICAL: Link firm with suppliers
in same industry
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