INTRODUCTION
TO STATISTICS
SESSION 2
[Link] SWAIN
Overview
Types of data contd…
i. Time series data
ii. Cross sectional data
iii. Panel data
Important sources of secondary data in India
Time series data (TS)
An ordered sequence of values of a variable at equally
spaced time intervals
Are a collection of observations of well-defined data
items obtained through repeated measurements over
time
Data collected irregularly or only once are not time
series
Contd…
Eg. Economic variables such as a stock index or the
unemployment rate, the observations often occur daily
or monthly
Exchange rate
GDP time series
Tectonic plates movement
What time series do?
Describes how some index or measurement varies over time
Indication of any underlying trend that may be present
Helps us in making predictions assuming that the patterns we
see in past data will continue into the future
Helps us in identifying change within a population over time
Show the impact of cyclical, seasonal, & irregular events on the
data item being measured
types
Can be classified into two types:
i. continuous- where we have an observation at every instant of
time e.g. lie detectors, electrocardiograms, X(t)
ii. Discrete- where we have an observation at regularly spaced
intervals, Xt
Examples- weekly share prices, monthly profits, daily rainfall, wind
speed, temperature, crime figures, employment figures
Cross sectional data (CS)
Collected by observing many subjects such as individuals, firms,
countries, or regions at the same point of time, or without
regard to differences in time
Compares the differences among the subjects or a cross section
of a study population
Can be used in cross-sectional regression
Panel data
Combination of TS and CS data
Looks at multiple subjects and how they change over
the course of time
Multi-dimensional data frequently involving
measurements over time
Contain observations of multiple phenomena obtained
over multiple time periods for the same subjects (eg.
Firms, individuals)
Contd…
Eg. Korean Labor and Income Panel Study
Chinese Family Panel Studies
National Longitudinal Surveys
British Household Panel Survey
Indian sources
SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATA
IN INDIA
Census of India- a decennial publication of the Govt of
India
Published by Registrar General & Census Commissioner ,
India
Relates to population size & various aspects of demographic
changes in India
It includes statistics on
i. Size, growth rate and distribution of population
ii. Population Projections
iii. Density of Population
iv. Sex composition
v. State of literacy
National Sample survey organization
(NSSO)
Govt organization under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation
Regular sample surveys conducted to collect basic statistical
information related to variety of economic activity in rural &
urban areas
Provides info on
i. Land & livestock holdings
ii. Housing conditions & migration
iii. Employment & unemployment status
iv. Consumer expenditure across population
v. Sources of household income
Central statistical organization
Comes under Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation (MOSPI) & headed by Director General
Functions-
i. Coordinates statistical activities of the states & UTs
ii. Compilation & release of national accounts statistics
iii. Annual Survey of Industries
iv. Economic Censuses
v. Index of Industrial Production
vi. Human Development Statistics
vii. Gender Statistics
National Family Health Survey
Is a large-scale, multi-round survey conducted in representative
sample of households throughout India (1992-93)
Provides info on fertility, infant & child mortality, the practice of
family planning, maternal & child health, reproductive health,
nutrition m anaemia, utilization & quality of health & family
planning services
Works with Ministry of Health & Family Welfare and other
agencies for policy & programme purposes
