Textile Processing
Singeing of fabric is done in order to achieve the
following objectives.
To improve pilling rating of fabric
To give a uniform luster to the surface
Removal of projection fiber
The singeing is done by three ways
Plate singeing machine
Roller singeing machine
Gas singeing machine
[Link] singeing machine
It consists of one or two brass plates. These plates are heated
with steam until red hot. Fabric is passed at the speed of 125---
200 m/min depends on quality. The one side of fabric is singed.
This is the oldest method.
2. Roller Singeing Machine
The only difference between plate singeing and roller singeing is
that here we use brass rollers instead of brass plates. The only
advantage of the roller singeing is that fabric is heated very
smoothly.
3. Gas Singeing Machine
The advantage of gas singeing is that the fabric is singed from
both sides.
The removal of sizing material is called desizing. It
is done in desizng chamber. In this way the sizing
material is removed.
METHODS OF DESIZING
Following methods are used for desizing.
Water Desizing
Acid Desizing
Enzymatic Desizing
1-Water De-Sizing
It is the oldest method for desizing. For this purpose we
use hot water. If our sizing material is soluble in water
then it becomes soluble in water and is removed in this
way.
2-Acid Desizing
For acid desizing we use very dilute HCL or H2SO4 for 4-
--8 hours. It is done at room temperature.
3-Enzymatic Desizing
In this method certain enzymes are used for
biodegradation of sizing material (starch) such as
amylase
(C6H10O5) n amylase n(CO2) + n(H2O) +energy
Bleaching means the removal of the all color
impurities. Bleaching is done by different
methods such as
Chlorite Bleaching
Per Acetic Acid Bleaching
Per Oxide Bleaching
Some common bleaching agents are
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), calcium
hypochlorite Ca(OCl)2, hydrogen peroxide,
optical brightening agents etc.
The term ‘scouring’ applies to the removal of
impurities such as oils, waxes, gums, soluble
impurities and sold dirt commonly found in
textile material and develop hydrophilic nature
and clean cloth.
Objective of Scouring :
Scouring removes all the waxes, pectins and
makes the textile material hydrophilic or water
absorbent.
DYEING
Dyeing is the process of coloring textile materials by immersing the
in an aqueous solution of dye called dye liquor. Generally the dye
liquor consists of dye, water and other such materials which
increase the effect of dyeing. Heat is usually applied to the liquor.
Classification of dyes
On the basis of method of application dyes are classified as:
1) Basic dyes
2) Direct dyes
3) Disperse dyes
4) Pigment dyes
5) Reactive dyes
6) Sulphur dyes
7) Vat dyes
8) Acid dyes
Printing is actually a type of dyeing. The
main difference between printing and dyeing
is that in dyeing the fabric is given one color
only by dipping in the solution of dye,
whereas in printing different colors are
applied according to the requirement of
design.
In finishing department final process is done.
The fabric is brought to finishing department
after bleaching, dyeing or printing. Many
qualities are produced in fabric during
finishing like
Softness
Stiffness
Shining
Width increment
STENTER MACHINE
It is very important machine which is used to finish
and dry the fabric. Its main purposes are:
Adjustment of fabric width
Design setting
The main parts of Stenter machine are:
Chemical bath
Stretching frame
Drying chamber
Cooling chamber
